A Comparison of the Acute Effects of Different Forms of Yoga on Physiological and Psychological Stress: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Yoga Sessions
2.4. Psychological Measure
2.5. Physiological Measures
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Salleh, M.R. Life event, stress and illness. Malays. J. Med. Sci 2008, 15, 9–18. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Schulz, P.; Kirschbaum, C.; Prüßner, J.; Hellhammer, D. Increased free cortisol secretion after awakening in chronically stressed individuals due to work overload. Stress Health 1998, 14, 91–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kendler, K.S.; Karkowski, L.M.; Prescott, C.A. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 1999, 156, 837–841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salmon, P. Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: A unifying theory. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2001, 21, 33–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamei, T.; Toriumi, Y.; Kimura, H.; Ohno, S.; Kumano, H.; Kimura, K. Decrease in serum cortisol during yoga exercise is correlated with alpha wave activation. Percept. Mot. Skills 2000, 90, 1027–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riley, D. Hatha yoga and the treatment of illness. Alt. Ther. Health Med. 2004, 10, 20. [Google Scholar]
- Riley, K.E.; Park, C.L. How does yoga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry. Health Psychol. Rev. 2015, 9, 379–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sherman, S.A.; Rogers, R.J.; Davis, K.K.; Minster, R.L.; Creasy, S.A.; Mullarkey, N.C.; O’Dell, M.; Donahue, P.; Jakicic, J.M. Energy expenditure in vinyasa yoga versus walking. J. Phys. Act. Health 2017, 14, 597–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, C.; Hancock, H.; Blake-Mortimer, J.; Eckert, K. A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complement. Ther. Med. 2007, 15, 77–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tay, K.; Baldwin, A.L. Effects of Breathing Practice in Vinyasa Yoga on Heart Rate Variability in University Students—A Pilot Study. J. Yoga Phys. Ther. 2015, 5, 214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cowen, V.S.; Adams, T.B. Physical and perceptual benefits of yoga asana practice: Results of a pilot study. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 2005, 9, 211–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- West, J.; Otte, C.; Geher, K.; Johnson, J.; Mohr, D.C. Effects of Hatha yoga and African dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol. Ann. Behav. Med. 2004, 28, 114–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, F.-J.; Chien, D.-K.; Chung, U.-L. Effects of Hatha yoga on stress in middle-aged women. J. Nurs. Res. 2013, 21, 59–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaskins, R.; Jennings, E.; Thind, H.; Becker, B.; Bock, B. Acute and cumulative effects of vinyasa yoga on affect and stress among college students participating in an eight-week yoga program: A pilot study. Int. J. Yoga Ther. 2014, 24, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGuirk, M.G. Mood, Anxiety, Rpe, and %Mhr after a Single 15, 30 and 60 Minute Session of Vinyasa Yoga. Master’s Thesis, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Benvenutti, M.J.; da Sliva Alves, E.; Michael, S.; Ding, D.; Stamatakis, E.; Edwards, K.M. A single session of hatha yoga improves stress reactivity and recovery after an acute psychological stress task—A counterbalanced, randomized-crossover trial in healthy individuals. Complement. Ther. Med. 2017, 35, 120–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sieverdes, J.C.; Mueller, M.; Gregoski, M.J.; Brunner-Jackson, B.; McQuade, L.; Matthews, C.; Treiber, F.A. Effects of Hatha yoga on blood pressure, salivary α-amylase, and cortisol function among normotensive and prehypertensive youth. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2014, 20, 241–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Pascoe, M.C.; Thompson, D.R.; Ski, C.F. Yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction and stress-related physiological measures: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017, 86, 152–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tripathi, M.N.; Kumari, S.; Ganpat, T.S. Psychophysiological effects of yoga on stress in college students. J. Educ. Health Promot. 2018, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grillon, C.; Duncko, R.; Covington, M.F.; Kopperman, L.; Kling, M.A. Acute stress potentiates anxiety in humans. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 62, 1183–1186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Shohani, M.; Badfar, G.; Nasirkandy, M.P.; Kaikhavani, S.; Rahmati, S.; Modmeli, Y.; Soleymani, A.; Azami, M. The effect of yoga on stress, anxiety, and depression in women. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2018, 9, 21. [Google Scholar]
- ACSM. ACSM’s Exercise Testing and Prescription, 10th ed.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Brooks, K.; Carter, J. Overtraining, exercise, and adrenal insufficiency. J. Nov. Physiother. 2013, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steptoe, A.; Ussher, M. Smoking, cortisol and nicotine. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2006, 59, 228–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Obel, C.; Hedegaard, M.; Henriksen, T.B.; Secher, N.J.; Olsen, J.; Levine, S. Stress and salivary cortisol during pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005, 30, 647–656. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beddoe, A.E.; Paul Yang, C.P.; Kennedy, H.P.; Weiss, S.J.; Lee, K.A. The effects of mindfulness-based yoga during pregnancy on maternal psychological and physical distress. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 2009, 38, 310–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Lovallo, W.R.; Farag, N.H.; Vincent, A.S.; Thomas, T.L.; Wilson, M.F. Cortisol responses to mental stress, exercise, and meals following caffeine intake in men and women. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2006, 83, 441–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Hill, E.E.; Zack, E.; Battaglini, C.; Viru, M.; Viru, A.; Hackney, A.C. Exercise and circulating cortisol levels: The intensity threshold effect. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2008, 31, 587–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Granath, J.; Ingvarsson, S.; von Thiele, U.; Lundberg, U. Stress management: A randomized study of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 2006, 35, 3–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lengacher, C.A.; Kip, K.E.; Barta, M.; Post-White, J.; Jacobsen, P.B.; Groer, M.; Lehman, B.; Moscoso, M.S.; Kadel, R.; Le, N.; et al. A pilot study evaluating the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction on psychological status, physical status, salivary cortisol, and interleukin-6 among advanced-stage cancer patients and their caregivers. J. Holist. Nurs. 2012, 30, 170–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spielberger, C.D.; Gorsuch, R.L.; Lushene, R.E. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; Consulting Psychologists Press: Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1970. [Google Scholar]
- Leal, P.C.; Goes, T.C.; da Silva, L.C.F.; Teixeira-Silva, F. Trait vs. state anxiety in different threatening situations. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2017, 39, 147–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clow, A. Cortisol as a biomarker of stress. J. Holist. Healthc. 2004, 1, 10–14. [Google Scholar]
- Inder, W.J.; Dimeski, G.; Russell, A. Measurement of salivary cortisol in 2012—Laboratory techniques and clinical indications. Clin. Endocrinol. 2012, 77, 645–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thompson, L.A.; Spoon, T.R.; Goertz, C.E.; Hobbs, R.C.; Romano, T.A. Blow collection as a non-invasive method for measuring cortisol in the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e114062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fritz, C.O.; Morris, P.E.; Richler, J.J. Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 2012, 141, 2–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed.; Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, MI, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Javnbakht, M.; Kenari, R.H.; Ghasemi, M. Effects of yoga on depression and anxiety of women. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2009, 15, 102–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Feldman, G.; Greeson, J.; Senville, J. Differential effects of mindful breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and loving-kindness meditation on decentering and negative reactions to repetitive thoughts. Behav. Res. Ther. 2010, 48, 1002–1011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Hofmann, S.G.; Andreoli, G.; Carpenter, J.K.; Curtiss, J. Effect of Hatha yoga on anxiety: A meta-analysis. J. Evid.-Based Med. 2016, 9, 116–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsopanidou, A.; Theodorakou, K.; Zacharogiannis, E. Heart rate response during a vinyasa yoga session. Sci. Gymnast. J. 2018, 10, 99–110. [Google Scholar]
- Kerr, J.H.; Els Van den Wollenberg, A. High and low intensity exercise and psychological mood states. Psychol. Health 1997, 12, 603–618. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boutcher, S.H.; Landers, D.M. The effects of vigorous exercise on anxiety, heart rate, and alpha activity of runners and nonrunners. Psychophysiology 1988, 25, 696–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michalsen, A.; Grossman, P.; Acil, A.; Langhorst, J.; Lüdtke, R.; Esch, T.; Stefano, G.; Dobos, G. Rapid stress reduction and anxiolysis among distressed women as a consequence of a three-month intensive yoga program. Med. Sci. Monit. 2005, 11, CR555–CR561. [Google Scholar]
- Monnazzi, P.; Leri, O.; Guizzardi, L.; Mattioli, D.; Patacchioli, F. Anti-stress effect of yoga-type breathing: Modification of salivary cortisol, heart rate and blood pressure following a step-climbing exercise. Stress Health 2002, 18, 195–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doll, A.; Holzel, B.K.; Mulej Bratec, S.; Boucard, C.C.; Xie, X.; Wohlschlager, A.M.; Sorg, C. Mindful attention to breath regulates emotions via increased amygdala-prefrontal cortex connectivity. Neuroimage 2016, 134, 305–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Froeliger, B.; Garland, E.L.; Modlin, L.A.; McClernon, F.J. Neurocognitive correlates of the effects of yoga meditation practice on emotion and cognition: A pilot study. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 2012, 6, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Sullivan, M.; Carberry, A.; Evans, E.S.; Hall, E.E.; Nepocatych, S. The effects of power and stretch yoga on affect and salivary cortisol in women. J. Health Psychol. 2019, 24, 1658–1667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Characteristic | Mean ± SD |
---|---|
Age (y) | 20.8 ± 0.8 |
Height (cm) | 164.5 ± 6.1 |
Body mass (kg) | 65.0 ± 13.8 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.7 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Marshall, M.; McClanahan, M.; McArthur Warren, S.; Rogers, R.; Ballmann, C. A Comparison of the Acute Effects of Different Forms of Yoga on Physiological and Psychological Stress: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176090
Marshall M, McClanahan M, McArthur Warren S, Rogers R, Ballmann C. A Comparison of the Acute Effects of Different Forms of Yoga on Physiological and Psychological Stress: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176090
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarshall, Mallory, McKenzie McClanahan, Sarah McArthur Warren, Rebecca Rogers, and Christopher Ballmann. 2020. "A Comparison of the Acute Effects of Different Forms of Yoga on Physiological and Psychological Stress: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176090