How to Achieve a Healthier and More Sustainable Europe by 2040 According to the Public? Results of a Five-Country Questionnaire Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Motivation and Research Questions
1.2. Literature Review and Hypotheses
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Brief Description of the Scenarios
2.3. Values
2.4. Socio-Economic Background
2.5. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. What Scenarios Are the Most Preferred in Various Domains of Living and Countries?
3.2. Which Population Segments Are More Willing to Support the More Sustainable and Healthier Scenarios?
4. Discussion
4.1. What Scenarios Are the Most Preferred in Various Domains of Living and Countries?
4.2. Are There Socioeconomic Distinctions in the Public Acceptability of the Scenarios?
4.3. What Value Orientations Would Explain Public Acceptability of the Healthier and More Environmentally Friendly Scenarios?
4.4. Limitations and Strengths
4.5. Policy Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Value Item | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|
Altruistic value orientation | 0.82 |
A world of peace (free of war and conflicts) | |
Equality (equal opportunity for all) | |
Social justice (righting injustice, care for the weak) | |
Biospheric value orientation | 0.9 |
Preventing environmental pollution (protection of natural resources) | |
Protecting the environment (preserving nature) | |
Respecting the earth (harmony with other species) | |
Egoistic value orientation | 0.73 |
Authority (the right to lead or command) | |
Influence (having an impact on people and events) | |
Wealth (material possessions, money) | |
Hedonism | 0.8 |
Pleasure (joy, gratification of desires) | |
Enjoying life (enjoying food, sex, leisure etc.) | |
Self-indulgence (doing pleasant things) | |
Security | 0.73 |
Healthy (not being sick physically or mentally) | |
Reciprocation of favours (avoidance of indebtedness) | |
Family security (safety for loved ones) |
Appendix B
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Scenario | Driving Sector | Social Processes | Description |
---|---|---|---|
My life between realities | private sector | individualistic | The main vision is the interconnectivity—everything is digital, connected and personalized. A better future is supported by big data which drive efficiency and performance and enable high-quality and personalized products and services. Development is driven by business and complemented by a governmental intervention. |
Less is more to me | public sector | individualistic | Material ownership is less important and the influence of the private sector declines. The government also ensures the provision and management of products and services (including access to health care services and education). There is a tendency towards greater sufficiency. |
One for all, all for one | public sector | collectivist | The main characteristic is the localism which is reflected in the life of society (local diets, community interactions, leisure activities etc.). Support for this future is formed by technological innovations and rules and regulations of policy makers. |
Our circular community | private sector | collectivist | Society is highly connected and dependent on technology. More emphasis is on commonly-owned and created goods and more efficient services and products. Economy is a closed-loop and service is more important than product ownership. |
Scenario | My Life in between Realities | Less Is More to Me | One for All, All for One | Our Circular Community |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 0.21 (0.11–0.42) *** | 0.19 (0.1–0.37) *** | 0.61 (0.32–1.15) | 0.16 (0.08–0.31) *** |
Domain (food-reference) | ||||
Green spaces | 0.8 (0.51–1.24) | 1.68 (1.2–2.36) ** | 1.15 (0.83–1.58) | 5.83 (4.12–8.26) *** |
Active mobility | 2.16 (1.56–2.99) *** | 1 (0.74–1.36) | 0.42 (0.31–0.56) *** | 1.38 (0.99–1.94) |
Housing | 1.9 (1.35–2.68) *** | 0.99 (0.72–1.36) | 0.46 (0.34–0.64) *** | 3.03 (2.18–4.21) *** |
Country (CZ-reference) | ||||
UK | 0.86 (0.58–1.26) | 1.03 (0.72–1.47) | 0.86 (0.6–1.22) | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) |
LV | 1.36 (0.9–2.06) | 1.45 (0.98–2.14) | 1.21 (0.82–1.79) | 1.08 (0.73–1.59) |
ES | 1.22 (0.79–1.88) | 1.31 (0.87–1.97) | 0.91 (0.61–1.37) | 1.6 (1.08–2.36) * |
PT | 1.21 (0.77–1.89) | 0.88 (0.57–1.35) | 0.9 (0.59–1.36) | 1.34 (0.89–2) |
Gender (female-reference) | ||||
Male | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) | 1.03 (0.81–1.3) | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | 1.2 (0.96–1.51) |
Age (18–34 years-reference) | ||||
35–49 years | 0.48 (0.35–0.65) *** | 0.46 (0.35–0.62) *** | 0.62 (0.46–0.83) ** | 0.56 (0.42–0.74) *** |
50–65 years | 0.47 (0.34–0.66) *** | 0.52 (0.38–0.72) *** | 0.72 (0.53–0.99) * | 0.44 (0.32–0.61) *** |
Household income (1st tercile reference) | ||||
2nd tercile | 1.25 (0.9–1.75) | 1.45 (1.06–1.98) * | 1.32 (0.98–1.79) | 1.52 (1.12–2.05) ** |
3rd tercile | 1.73 (1.22–2.46) ** | 1.65 (1.18–2.3) ** | 1.44 (1.04–2) * | 1.55 (1.12–2.15) ** |
missing | 0.61 (0.41–0.89) * | 0.58 (0.4–0.82) ** | 0.46 (0.32–0.65) *** | 0.59 (0.42–0.84) ** |
Municipality size (up to 4999 people-reference) | ||||
5000 or more | 1.27 (0.96–1.68) | 1.24 (0.95–1.61) | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) | 1.2 (0.93–1.55) |
Education (primary and lower secondary-reference) | ||||
upper secondary | 1.58 (1.16–2.16) ** | 1.56 (1.16–2.09) ** | 1.45 (1.09–1.92) * | 1.39 (1.06–1.84) * |
tertiary | 1.93 (1.39–2.69) *** | 1.82 (1.33–2.5) *** | 1.41 (1.03–1.93) * | 1.49 (1.1–2.02) ** |
Chronic disease | 0.99 (0.76–1.31) | 1.14 (0.88–1.46) | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 0.93 (0.73–1.2) |
Values | ||||
altruistic | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) |
biospheric | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) * | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) ** | 1.2 (1.09–1.33) *** | 1.15 (1.05–1.27) ** |
egoistic | 1.14 (1.05–1.25) ** | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 1.1 (1.02–1.19) * |
hedonism | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) |
security | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 1 (0.88–1.12) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) |
log Lik.’ | −5020.748 | |||
AIC | 10225.5 | |||
N | 3222 |
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Zvěřinová, I.; Máca, V.; Ščasný, M.; Strube, R.; Marques, S.; Dubová, D.; Kryl, M.; Craveiro, D.; Taylor, T.; Chiabai, A.; et al. How to Achieve a Healthier and More Sustainable Europe by 2040 According to the Public? Results of a Five-Country Questionnaire Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6071. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176071
Zvěřinová I, Máca V, Ščasný M, Strube R, Marques S, Dubová D, Kryl M, Craveiro D, Taylor T, Chiabai A, et al. How to Achieve a Healthier and More Sustainable Europe by 2040 According to the Public? Results of a Five-Country Questionnaire Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6071. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176071
Chicago/Turabian StyleZvěřinová, Iva, Vojtěch Máca, Milan Ščasný, Rosa Strube, Sibila Marques, Diana Dubová, Martin Kryl, Daniela Craveiro, Timothy Taylor, Aline Chiabai, and et al. 2020. "How to Achieve a Healthier and More Sustainable Europe by 2040 According to the Public? Results of a Five-Country Questionnaire Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6071. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176071