Maternal Iron Deficiency Programs Offspring Cognition and Its Relationship with Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Metabolites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Ethics
2.2. Diet and Experimental Protocols
- Four-month-old male offspring of mothers receiving the control diet (sham control (SC group)) (n = 5).
- Four-month-old male offspring of mothers receiving the low-iron diet but the control diet through the pregnancy (ICC group) (n = 5).
- Four-month-old male offspring of mothers receiving the low-iron diet during pregnancy but the control diet during lactation (IDC group) (n = 5).
- Four-month-old male offspring from mothers continuously receiving the low-iron diet (IDD group) (n = 4).
2.3. Behavioral Evaluation
2.3.1. Days 1–4: Spatial Acquisition Phase
2.3.2. Day 5: Probe Trial Phase
2.4. Tissue Dissection and Collection
2.5. Quantitative Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) Analysis
2.6. Western Blot (WB) Assay
2.7. Measurement of Plasma Acetate, Butyrate, and Propionate Concentrations
2.8. Gut Microbiota Profiling
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Maternal Body Weight and Serum Iron and Hemoglobin Concentrations
3.2. Adult Male Offspring Body Weights and Serum Iron and Hemoglobin Concentrations
3.3. Morris Water Maze
3.4. WB and qRT-PCR
3.5. Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
3.6. Gut Microbiota
4. Discussion
4.1. BDNF Pathway
4.2. Neuronal and Metabolic Pathways between the Brain and Intestine
4.3. IDA and Microbiota
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hsieh, H.-Y.; Chen, Y.-C.; Hsu, M.-H.; Yu, H.-R.; Su, C.-H.; Tain, Y.-L.; Huang, L.-T.; Sheen, J.-M. Maternal Iron Deficiency Programs Offspring Cognition and Its Relationship with Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Metabolites. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176070
Hsieh H-Y, Chen Y-C, Hsu M-H, Yu H-R, Su C-H, Tain Y-L, Huang L-T, Sheen J-M. Maternal Iron Deficiency Programs Offspring Cognition and Its Relationship with Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Metabolites. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176070
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsieh, Hsin-Yi, Yu-Chieh Chen, Mei-Hsin Hsu, Hong-Ren Yu, Chung-Hao Su, You-Lin Tain, Li-Tung Huang, and Jiunn-Ming Sheen. 2020. "Maternal Iron Deficiency Programs Offspring Cognition and Its Relationship with Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Metabolites" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6070. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176070