Ecosystem Services of Mangrove Forests: Results of a Meta-Analysis of Economic Values
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Descriptive Results
- -
- Provisioning ES (e.g., food, building materials, drinking water);
- -
- Supporting (maintaining) ES (e.g., prevention of coastal erosion);
- -
- Regulating ES (e.g., carbon sequestration, micro climate); and
- -
- Cultural ES (e.g., recreation, spiritual values, biodiversity).
4. Econometric Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Continent | Country | References | No. of Values of Ecosystem Services |
---|---|---|---|
Africa | Kenya, Nigeria, Mozambique, Egypt | [18,19,30,37,48,57,67,69] | 56 |
America | Belize, Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, Guyana, Bahamas, Ecuador | [1,32,50,51,55,60,63,64] | 16 |
Asia | Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Philippines, Myanmar, Malaysia, Pakistan, India, China, Bangladesh | [7,8,17,20,21,22,23,24,25,27,28,29,30,33,35,36,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,49,52,53,54,56,58,59,61,62,65,66,68] | 165 |
Europe | France | [34] | 2 |
Oceania | Vanuatu, Fiji | [26,31] | 11 |
Total no. of observations (values) | 250 |
Variables of Conservation Status | Frequency |
---|---|
Values of ecosystem services of mangrove forests not protected | 66 |
Values of ecosystem services of mangrove forests protected, | 184 |
of which: | |
Ramsar Sites (including combinations with World Heritage Sites) | 41 |
Biosphere Reserves | 21 |
National parks (including combinations with World Heritage Sites, National Protected Areas, National Reserves) | 67 |
Nature Reserve (including Sanctuaries and Reserve Forests) | 29 |
Marine Protected Area (including Marine National Parks, Marine Nature Parks) | 28 |
Total (no. of observations) | 250 |
Variables | Unit of Measurement | Mean | Std.Dev. | Min. | Max. | Observations | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Values of the ecosystem services (ES) of the respective mangrove forest | |||||||
All ES values (full sample) | USD/ha.a, 2018 prices | 21,071.81 | 132,705.50 | 0.52 | 1,432,142.00 | 250 | |
Values of ES in regard to the type of ES | Provisioning | 4897.79 | 16,951.90 | 0.52 | 154,645.60 | 105 | |
Regulating | 36,100.91 | 172,911.19 | 1.28 | 1,395,925.74 | 74 | ||
Supporting | 401.68 | 739.27 | 7.92 | 3183.11 | 29 | ||
Cultural | 49,299.21 | 225,375.70 | 0.69 | 1,432,142.00 | 42 | ||
Values of ES in regard to the valuation method | Market prices | 9008.47 | 41,333.01 | 0.52 | 464,431.50 | 178 | |
Replacement costs | 93,370.69 | 329,606.64 | 6.07 | 1,395,925.74 | 18 | ||
Travel costs | 94,164.08 | 324,040.33 | 12.44 | 1,432,142.00 | 20 | ||
Willingness-to-pay | 2955.58 | 9139.77 | 3.46 | 41,394.37 | 34 | ||
Values of ES of mangrove forests that are protected | 17,718.40 | 114,638.46 | 0.52 | 1,432,142.00 | 184 | ||
Gross domestic product (GDP) | USD (per capita, 2018 prices) | 5366.77 | 6290.09 | 490.00 | 41,464.00 | 66 | |
Population (POP) | Residents (million) | 200.65 | 314.54 | 0.25 | 1414.05 | 66 | |
Size of the mangrove forest (SIZE) | Hectares (ha) | 57,158.98 | 174,601.16 | 2.00 | 770,000.00 | 66 |
Variables | Description |
---|---|
Dependent variable | |
VALUE | Value of ecosystem service (in ln USD per ha.a, 2018 prices) |
Explanatory variable | |
SIZE | Size of the mangrove forest (in ln hectares) |
GDP | Gross domestic product of the country where the respective mangrove forest is located (GDP, in ln USD per capita, 2018 prices), as an indicator of the economic resources of a country to implement effective conservation policies |
ES_SUPP | =1 for supporting ecosystem services |
ES_REG | =1 for regulating ecosystem services |
PUBL_REV | =1 for values published in peer-reviewed studies (papers in peer-reviewed journals) |
METH_RC | =1 for values based on replacement costs |
METH_TCM | =1 for values based on travel cost models |
METH_WTP | =1 for values based on studies eliciting willingness-to-pay (e.g., contingent valuation, choice experiment) |
AFRICA | =1 for values of mangrove forests in Africa |
OCEANIA | =1 for values of mangrove forests in Oceania |
PROTECTED | =1 for mangrove forests that are protected |
PA_RAMSAR | =1 for mangrove forests that are protected as Ramsar sites (including sites that are Ramsar and World Heritage site) |
Variables | Est. 1 | Est. 2 | Est. 3 | Est. 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. | t-Stat. | Pr. | Coeff. | t-Stat. | Pr. | Coeff. | t-Stat. | Pr. | Coeff. | t-Stat. | Pr. | |
Constant | 2.316 | 0.872 | 2.410 | 0.907 | 3.707 | 1.439 | 0.182 | 0.079 | ||||
SIZE | −0.032 | −0.540 | −0.018 | −0.307 | 0.012 | 0.211 | 0.030 | 0.541 | ||||
GDP | 0.509 | 1.714 | * | 0.518 | 1.752 | * | 0.359 | 1.264 | 0.685 | 2.620 | *** | |
ES_SUPP | −1.293 | −2.934 | *** | −1.290 | −2.899 | *** | −1.200 | −2.703 | *** | −1.152 | −2.586 | ** |
ES_REG | 0.951 | 2.371 | ** | 0.942 | 2.347 | ** | 0.992 | 2.598 | *** | 0.776 | 2.180 | ** |
PUBL_REV | −0.87 | −2.221 | ** | −0.896 | −2.275 | ** | −1.117 | −3.024 | *** | −0.416 | −1.253 | |
METH_RC | 1.284 | 1.746 | * | 1.309 | 1.785 | * | 1.399 | 2.122 | ** | 1.584 | 2.423 | ** |
METH_TCM | 2.004 | 3.335 | *** | 2.029 | 3.333 | *** | 1.856 | 2.983 | *** | 1.589 | 2.454 | ** |
METH_WTP | 0.988 | 1.983 | ** | 1.004 | 1.995 | ** | 1.325 | 2.476 | ** | 0.795 | 1.729 | * |
AFRICA | −0.971 | −1.740 | * | −0.955 | −1.712 | * | −1.212 | −2.209 | ** | |||
OCEANIA | 3.577 | 5.068 | *** | |||||||||
PROTECTED | −0.336 | −0.838 | ||||||||||
PA_RAMSAR | −1.945 | −4.547 | *** | −1.632 | −3.974 | *** | ||||||
Adj. R² | 0.135 | 0.134 | 0.194 | 0.244 | ||||||||
S.E. of regr. | 2.585 | 2.586 | 2.495 | 2.416 | ||||||||
Log likelihood | −587.041 | −586.663 | −577.717 | −569.688 | ||||||||
F-statistic | 5.310 *** | 4.846 *** | 6.978 *** | 9.027 *** | ||||||||
N (studies) | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | ||||||||
n (obs.) | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 |
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Getzner, M.; Islam, M.S. Ecosystem Services of Mangrove Forests: Results of a Meta-Analysis of Economic Values. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165830
Getzner M, Islam MS. Ecosystem Services of Mangrove Forests: Results of a Meta-Analysis of Economic Values. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(16):5830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165830
Chicago/Turabian StyleGetzner, Michael, and Muhammad Shariful Islam. 2020. "Ecosystem Services of Mangrove Forests: Results of a Meta-Analysis of Economic Values" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165830