Prevalence and Predictors of Insulin Resistance in Non-Obese Healthy Young Females in Qatar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Anthropometric and Biochemical Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics and Prevalence of Insulin Resistance in Age-Matched Individuals with Different BMI Groups
3.2. Multivariate Analysis of Mediators of the Metabolic Syndrome
3.3. Mediators of Insulin Resistance
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Combined | Under Weight | Normal Weight | Overweight | Obese | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(116 IS and 34 IR) | (13 IS and 1 IR) | (71 IS and 11 IR) | (22 IS and 13 IR) | (11 IS and 9 IR) | |||||||||||
Characteristics | (IR Prevalence 22.7%) | (IR Prevalence 7.1%) | (IR Prevalence 13.4%) | (IR Prevalence 37.1%) | (IR Prevalence 45%) | ||||||||||
Mean | SD | p Value | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p Value | Mean | SD | p Value | Mean | SD | p Value | ||
Age (years) | IS | 22.5 | 4.9 | 0.449 | 21.4 | 1.7 | 22.4 | 5.1 | 0.938 | 23.4 | 5.6 | 0.551 | 23.1 | 4.8 | 0.237 |
IR | 21.8 | 3.6 | 18 | N/A | 22.3 | 5.3 | 22.4 | 3.5 | 21.1 | 1.4 | |||||
BMI (Kg/m2) | IS | 23.5 | 4.6 | <0.001 | 17.3 | 0.9 | 21.9 | 2 | 0.946 | 27.1 | 1.3 | 0.424 | 33.2 | 3.2 | 0.184 |
IR | 28 | 5.8 | 18 | N/A | 21.8 | 1.5 | 27.5 | 1.6 | 35.2 | 3.3 | |||||
Body fat mass | IS | 21.5 | 8.8 | <0.001 | 10.3 | 2.5 | 18.6 | 4.2 | 0.998 | 27.8 | 4.1 | 0.628 | 40 | 6 | 0.391 |
IR | 29.5 | 11.1 | 12.1 | N/A | 18.6 | 4.9 | 28.4 | 3.8 | 42.7 | 8.1 | |||||
WC (cm) | IS | 81.6 | 10 | <0.001 | 70.3 | 6.3 | 78.8 | 7.2 | 0.694 | 89.4 | 7.1 | 0.491 | 95.9 | 7.3 | 0.013 |
IR | 90.6 | 13 | 87 | N/A | 77.8 | 8.9 | 87.9 | 4 | 106.3 | 9.5 | |||||
Total body water | IS | 28.8 | 5.6 | 0.366 | 24.7 | 2 | 28.5 | 6.5 | 0.048 | 30.4 | 2.9 | 0.171 | 31.9 | 3 | 0.163 |
IR | 29.7 | 4.1 | 27.7 | N/A | 26.3 | 1.8 | 29 | 2.8 | 34.1 | 3.9 | |||||
Free fat mass | IS | 20.7 | 3.1 | 0.037 | 17.8 | 1.7 | 20.1 | 2.8 | 0.309 | 22.6 | 2.4 | 0.216 | 23.7 | 2.4 | 0.149 |
IR | 22 | 3.4 | 20.2 | N/A | 19.1 | 1.5 | 21.5 | 2.2 | 25.5 | 3.2 | |||||
% body fat | IS | 34.6 | 7.8 | <0.001 | 23.2 | 4.1 | 32.9 | 5.3 | 0.713 | 39.9 | 4.2 | 0.236 | 47.8 | 2.8 | 0.696 |
IR | 41 | 7.6 | 24.2 | N/A | 33.7 | 4.8 | 41.7 | 4.1 | 48.4 | 4.2 | |||||
WHtR | IS | 0.5 | 0.1 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.811 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.866 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.029 |
IR | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | N/A | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.1 | |||||
Glucose (mmol/L) | IS | 5 | 0.4 | 0.581 | 5 | 0.3 | 5 | 0.4 | 0.912 | 5 | 0.4 | 0.059 | 4.9 | 0.5 | 0.259 |
IR | 5 | 0.6 | 5.1 | N/A | 5.1 | 0.4 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 5.2 | 0.7 | |||||
Insulin (pmol/L) | IS | 2.8 | 2.2 | <0.001 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.1 | <0.001 | 4 | 2.2 | <0.001 | 3.2 | 1.8 | <0.001 |
IR | 20.3 | 7.8 | 20.9 | N/A | 20.8 | 7.3 | 18.9 | 7.2 | 21.9 | 9.8 | |||||
HOMA-IR | IS | 0.6 | 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.4 | <0.001 |
IR | 4.5 | 1.7 | 4.7 | N/A | 4.6 | 1.5 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 4.9 | 2 |
Groups | Combined | Under Weight | Normal Weight | Overweight | Obese | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Mean | SD | p Value | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p Value | Mean | SD | p Value | Mean | SD | p Value | |
LDL (mmol/L) | IS | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.123 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.102 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 0.486 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.998 |
IR | 2.2 | 0.5 | 1.8 | N/A | 2.1 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 0.6 | |||||
HDL (mmol/L) | IS | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.049 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.867 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.581 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.427 |
IR | 1.3 | 0.4 | 1.5 | N/A | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.2 | |||||
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | IS | 0.7 | 0.2 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.027 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.159 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.115 |
IR | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | N/A | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.3 | |||||
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | IS | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.147 | 4.2 | 1.0 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 0.288 | 4.0 | 0.6 | 0.694 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 0.972 |
IR | 3.9 | 0.7 | 3.6 | N/A | 4.0 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 0.7 | 3.9 | 0.8 | |||||
APoA (g/L) | IS | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.494 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.204 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.673 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.372 |
IR | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.4 | N/A | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | |||||
LDL oxidase | IS | 21.2 | 4.4 | 0.031 | 20.4 | 3.2 | 21.8 | 4.0 | 0.625 | 20.1 | 6.1 | 0.218 | 20.6 | 3.1 | 0.174 |
IR | 23.5 | 4.7 | 27.2 | N/A | 22.6 | 3.2 | 22.7 | 3.4 | 25.2 | 7.7 | |||||
Leptin (ng/mL) | IS | 3.4 | 1.5 | 0.262 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 0.169 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.077 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 0.987 |
IR | 3.8 | 1.4 | 4.8 | N/A | 4.3 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 4.1 | 1.7 | |||||
Adiponectin (ng/mL) | IS | 21.1 | 7.1 | 0.01 | 23.9 | 6.7 | 22.8 | 7.4 | 0.991 | 20.2 | 7.0 | 0.03 | 17.8 | 6.2 | 0.952 |
IR | 16.6 | 6.3 | N/A | N/A | 22.7 | 1.0 | 14.8 | 5.6 | 17.6 | 7.0 | |||||
CRP (mg/L) | IS | 2.4 | 2.7 | 0.077 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 0.744 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 0.957 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 0.726 |
IR | 3.3 | 3.0 | 1.2 | N/A | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 5.1 | 2.9 | |||||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | IS | 3.0 | 3.5 | 0.758 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 0.167 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 0.147 | 6.2 | 9.8 | 0.359 |
IR | 2.8 | 1.2 | 4.6 | N/A | 1.9 | 0.7 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 0.9 | |||||
TNFalpha (pg/mL) | IS | 119.8 | 273.2 | 0.665 | 33.2 | 13.8 | 148.8 | 314.7 | 0.582 | 127.5 | 290.9 | 0.594 | 42.9 | 47.7 | 0.332 |
IR | 92.3 | 203.9 | N/A | N/A | 22.5 | 5.7 | 76.4 | 199.1 | 129.2 | 238.1 |
Variables Explaining HOMA-IR | Importance | p Value |
---|---|---|
Triglycerides | 0.67 | <0.001 |
Interleukin-6 | 0.29 | <0.001 |
Adiponectin | 0.03 | <0.001 |
HDL | 0.01 | <0.001 |
TNF-alpha | 0.008 | <0.001 |
Group | Predictor | Adjusted | Std. Error of the Estimate | p Value | Area Under Curve | (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R Square | ||||||
Normal weight | TG | 0.23 | 1.2 | 0.01 | 0.61 | (0.41–0.81) |
Overweight | TG/HDL | 0.22 | 1.3 | 0.01 | 0.66 | (0.47–0.85) |
Obese | TG/HDL | 0.44 | 2 | 0.01 | 0.78 | (0.57–0.99) |
All groups | TG/HDL | 0.31 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.7 | (0.60–0.80) |
TG/HDL and Free fat mass | 0.37 | 1.4 | 0.02 | 0.68 | (0.57–0.79) |
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Elrayess, M.A.; Rizk, N.M.; Fadel, A.S.; Kerkadi, A. Prevalence and Predictors of Insulin Resistance in Non-Obese Healthy Young Females in Qatar. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145088
Elrayess MA, Rizk NM, Fadel AS, Kerkadi A. Prevalence and Predictors of Insulin Resistance in Non-Obese Healthy Young Females in Qatar. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145088
Chicago/Turabian StyleElrayess, Mohamed A., Nasser M. Rizk, Amina S. Fadel, and Abdelhamid Kerkadi. 2020. "Prevalence and Predictors of Insulin Resistance in Non-Obese Healthy Young Females in Qatar" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5088. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145088