The Effect of Whole Blood Lead (Pb-B) Levels on Changes in Peripheral Blood Morphology and Selected Biochemical Parameters, and the Severity of Depression in Peri-Menopausal Women at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome or with Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
- group I (MetS): women with MetS;
- group II (pre-MetS): women at risk of MetS;
- group III (control): women without MetS and the risk of MetS.
2.2. Definitions
2.2.1. Definition of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
- waist circumference ≥ 80 cm in females, raised TG level > 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality;
- reduced HDL cholesterol: < 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in females, or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality;
- raised blood pressure (BP): systolic BP ≥ 130 or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg, or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension;
2.2.2. Definition of Pre-Metabolic Syndrome (Pre-MetS)
2.3. Determination of Biochemical Parameters and Lead Levels
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | MetS (n = 47) | Pre-MetS (n = 64) | Control (n = 122) | All (n = 233) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
Age (years) | 54.49 | 5.65 | 53.06 | 5.16 | 52.84 | 5.42 | 53.23 | 5.41 |
WC (cm) | 96.98 | 11.35 | 92.89 | 9.52 | 81.24 | 11.18 | 87.70 | 12.73 |
HC (cm) | 106.77 | 10.41 | 105.78 | 7.99 | 98.01 | 9.42 | 101.96 | 10.10 |
WHR (cm) | 0.91 | 0.07 | 0.88 | 0.07 | 0.83 | 0.1 | 0.86 | 0.09 |
SBP (mmHg) | 122.62 | 18.92 | 120.08 | 12.61 | 109.39 | 11.36 | 115.12 | 14.77 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80.74 | 11.08 | 81.00 | 7.83 | 72.97 | 7.78 | 76.83 | 9.41 |
Parameters | MetS (n = 47) | Pre-MetS (n = 64) | Control (n = 122) | All (n = 233) | F(2, 228) | p-Value * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
FPG (mg/dL) | 100.96 | 40.37 | 84.09 | 9.41 | 81.79 | 7.86 | 86.31 | 20.89 | 18.6 8 | 0.000 |
TG (mg/dL) | 201.31 | 203.89 | 133.76 | 300.24 | 82.54 | 26.94 | 120.73 | 188.07 | 7.145 | 0.001 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 235.41 | 50.12 | 220.04 | 46.31 | 210.89 | 34.33 | 218.38 | 42.27 | 5.790 | 0.004 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 56.10 | 15.74 | 68.89 | 14.39 | 74.09 | 17.94 | 69.01 | 17.90 | 19.742 | 0.000 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 145.61 | 43.56 | 127.12 | 27.83 | 120.25 | 31.49 | 127.21 | 34.58 | 9.550 | 0.000 |
HbA1C [%] | 5.65 | 1.09 | 5.30 | 0.31 | 5.22 | 0.25 | 5.33 | 0.57 | 11.065 | 0.000 |
Cortisol [µg/dL] | 15.30 | 5.99 | 13.75 | 4.88 | 14.53 | 9.70 | 14.47 | 7.93 | 0.375 | 0.688 |
Insulin [µlu/ml] | 13.95 | 6.89 | 11.14 | 6.38 | 7.75 | 5.21 | 9.94 | 6.39 | 20.817 | 0.000 |
HOMA-IR | 3.63 | 2.99 | 2.37 | 1.52 | 1.59 | 1.21 | 2.20 | 1.93 | 22.247 | 0.000 |
Pb-B [µg/dL] | 5.64 | 2.03 | 6.99 | 2.71 | 8.01 | 4.38 | 7.25 | 3.70 | 8.627 | 0.000 |
Parameters | MetS (n = 47) | Pre−MetS (n = 64) | Control (n = 122) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rp | p−Value | rp | p−Value | rp | p−Value | |
Age (years) | 0.12 | >0.05 | 0.12 | >0.05 | 0.08 | >0.05 |
WC (cm) | −0.02 | >0.05 | 0.00 | >0.05 | 0.27 | 0.004 |
HC (cm) | 0.09 | >0.05 | 0.01 | >0.05 | 0.01 | >0.05 |
SBP (mmHg) | −0.12 | >0.05 | 0.03 | >0.05 | −0.03 | >0.05 |
DBP (mmHg) | 0.06 | >0.05 | −0.04 | >0.05 | −0.01 | >0.05 |
Leucocytes (thousand/µL) | 0.17 | >0.05 | 0.21 | >0.05 | −0.04 | >0.05 |
Erythrocytes (million/µL) | 0.19 | >0.05 | −0.21 | >0.05 | 0.16 | >0.05 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 0.18 | >0.05 | −0.01 | >0.05 | 0.17 | >0.05 |
Hematocrit (%) | 0.18 | >0.05 | −0.06 | >0.05 | 0.02 | >0.05 |
MCV (femtolitre) | −0.00 | >0.05 | 0.23 | >0.05 | 0.03 | >0.05 |
MCH (pg) | 0.02 | >0.05 | 0.24 | >0.05 | 0.02 | >0.05 |
MCHC (g/dL) | 0.07 | >0.05 | 0.02 | >0.05 | −0.00 | >0.05 |
Platelets (thousand/µL) | −0.01 | >0.05 | 0.09 | >0.05 | −0.03 | >0.05 |
Neutrophils (%) | 0.25 | >0.05 | 0.08 | >0.05 | −0.04 | >0.05 |
Lymphocytes (%) | −0.30 | >0.05 | 0.04 | >0.05 | 0.09 | >0.05 |
Monocytes (%) | −0.33 | 0.03 | −0.19 | >0.05 | −0.07 | >0.05 |
Eosinophils (%) | 0.04 | >0.05 | −0.12 | >0.05 | −0.11 | >0.05 |
Basophils (%) | −0.09 | >0.05 | −0.00 | >0.05 | 0.06 | >0.05 |
Neutrophils (thousand/µL) | 0.27 | >0.05 | 0.18 | >0.05 | −0.04 | >0.05 |
Lymphocytes (thousand/µL) | −0.04 | >0.05 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.06 | >0.05 |
Monocytes (thousand/µL) | −0.12 | >0.05 | 0.02 | >0.05 | −0.07 | >0.05 |
Eosinophils (thousand/µL) | 0.08 | >0.05 | −0.01 | >0.05 | −0.14 | >0.05 |
Basophils (thousand/µL) | 0.01 | >0.05 | 0.05 | >0.05 | 0.03 | >0.05 |
FPG (mg/dL) | 0.07 | >0.05 | 0.02 | >0.05 | −0.12 | >0.05 |
TG (mg/dL) | 0.03 | >0.05 | 0.20 | >0.05 | 0.03 | >0.05 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.05 | >0.05 | 0.10 | >0.05 | −0.00 | >0.05 |
HDL (mg/dL) | −0.09 | >0.05 | 0.07 | >0.05 | 0.04 | >0.05 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 0.14 | >0.05 | 0.02 | >0.05 | −0.03 | >0.05 |
HbA1C (%) | −0.00 | >0.05 | 0.36 | 0.01 | −0.01 | >0.05 |
Cortisol (µg/dL) | 0.36 | 0.02 | −0.13 | >0.05 | −0.08 | >0.05 |
Insulin (µlu/mL) | 0.21 | >0.05 | 0.19 | >0.05 | −0.01 | >0.05 |
Menstruation | MetS (n = 47) | Pre-MetS (n = 64) | Control (n = 122) | All (n = 233) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Yes | 13 | 27.7 | 22 | 34.4 | 47 | 38.5 | 82 | 35.2 |
No | 34 | 72.3 | 42 | 65.6 | 75 | 61.5 | 151 | 64.8 |
Menstruation | MetS (n = 47) | Pre-MetS (n = 64) | Control (n = 122) | F(2,224) | p-Value * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
No | 5.37 | 1.83 | 7.46 | 2.88 | 8.14 | 3.74 | 0.632 | 0.532 |
Yes | 5.63 | 1.87 | 6.11 | 2.16 | 7.80 | 5.31 |
Stimulants | MetS (n = 47) | Pre-MetS (n = 64) | Control (n = 122) | F(2, 176) | p-Value * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
Alcohol | ||||||||
No | 5.04 | 1.81 | 6.80 | 2.69 | 6.94 | 2.61 | 0.816 | 0.439 |
Yes | 6.32 | 1.66 | 7.47 | 2.80 | 9.22 | 6.40 | ||
Caffeine | ||||||||
No | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | − ** | − ** |
Yes | 5.44 | 1.82 | 6.99 | 2.71 | 8.01 | 4.38 | ||
Tobacco | ||||||||
No | 5.40 | 1.85 | 7.00 | 2.64 | 8.10 | 4.91 | 0.971 | 0.381 |
Yes | 6.11 | 1.84 | 7.30 | 3.09 | 6.39 | 1.82 |
Scale/Subscale | MetS (n = 47) | Pre-MetS (n = 64) | Control (n = 122) | F | p-Value | η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||||
KI | 14.49 (9.22) | 14.38 (9.59) | 13.55 (8.86) | 0.28 | 0.76 | 0.002 |
BDI | 6.04 (5.51) | 9.70 (8.23) | 8.08 (6.85) | 3.69 | 0.03 | 0.031 |
Depressive Symptoms | MetS (n = 47) | Pre-MetS (n = 64) | Control (n = 122) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rp | p-Value | rp | p-Value | rp | p-Value | |
BDI | −0.064 | 0.676 | −0.084 | 0.508 | 0.003 | 0.971 |
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Kamińska, M.S.; Cybulska, A.M.; Panczyk, M.; Baranowska-Bosiacka, I.; Chlubek, D.; Grochans, E.; Stanisławska, M.; Jurczak, A. The Effect of Whole Blood Lead (Pb-B) Levels on Changes in Peripheral Blood Morphology and Selected Biochemical Parameters, and the Severity of Depression in Peri-Menopausal Women at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome or with Metabolic Syndrome. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145033
Kamińska MS, Cybulska AM, Panczyk M, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Chlubek D, Grochans E, Stanisławska M, Jurczak A. The Effect of Whole Blood Lead (Pb-B) Levels on Changes in Peripheral Blood Morphology and Selected Biochemical Parameters, and the Severity of Depression in Peri-Menopausal Women at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome or with Metabolic Syndrome. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145033
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamińska, Magdalena Sylwia, Anna Maria Cybulska, Mariusz Panczyk, Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka, Dariusz Chlubek, Elżbieta Grochans, Marzanna Stanisławska, and Anna Jurczak. 2020. "The Effect of Whole Blood Lead (Pb-B) Levels on Changes in Peripheral Blood Morphology and Selected Biochemical Parameters, and the Severity of Depression in Peri-Menopausal Women at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome or with Metabolic Syndrome" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145033