Better Choice, Better Health? Social Integration and Health Inequality among International Migrants in Hangzhou, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Social Determinants of Health
3. Data, Variables, and Methods
3.1. Data and Sample
3.2. Variables
3.3. Analytic Strategies
4. Results
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Percentage | Frequency |
---|---|---|
Health outcomes | ||
Self-rated health status | ||
Very good and below | 38.40 | 358 |
Excellent | 61.60 | 574 |
Self-assessed change in health | ||
Becoming worse | 14.70 | 137 |
Same/Becoming better | 85.30 | 795 |
Social determinants | ||
Study in China | ||
Yes | 69.60 | 649 |
No | 30.40 | 283 |
Chinese proficiency | ||
Little or none | 50.50 | 471 |
Good | 36.20 | 337 |
Proficient | 13.30 | 124 |
Employment status | ||
Self-employed | 9.20 | 86 |
Employed | 12.20 | 114 |
Unemployed | 11.30 | 105 |
Students | 67.30 | 627 |
SES in home country | ||
Middle and below | 51.50 | 480 |
High | 37.60 | 350 |
Very high | 10.90 | 102 |
Country of Origin | ||
LICs | 25.30 | 236 |
MICs | 51.80 | 483 |
HICs | 22.90 | 213 |
Sociodemographic variables | ||
Gender | ||
Male | 68.70 | 640 |
Female | 31.30 | 292 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 23.40 | 218 |
Never married | 76.60 | 714 |
Education | ||
College and beyond | 91.60 | 854 |
High school and below | 8.40 | 78 |
Length of stay | ||
0–12 months | 28.00 | 261 |
13–36 months | 31.30 | 292 |
37–60 months | 25.60 | 238 |
≥60 months | 15.10 | 141 |
Variables | Self-Rated Health Status | Self-Assessed Change in Health | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very Good and Below | Excellent | χ2 | Becoming Worse | Same/Becoming Better | χ2 | |
Study in China | χ2 = 29.371 (p = 0.000) | χ2 = 4.619 (p = 0.032) | ||||
Yes | 32.81 | 67.19 | 12.72 | 87.28 | ||
No | 50.30 | 49.70 | 17.79 | 82.21 | ||
Chinese proficiency | χ2 = 5.103 (p = 0.078) | χ2 = 2.703 (p = 0.259) | ||||
Little or none | 39.39 | 60.61 | 12.62 | 87.38 | ||
Good | 40.17 | 59.83 | 15.77 | 84.23 | ||
Proficient | 29.71 | 70.29 | 17.16 | 82.84 | ||
Employment status | χ2 = 16.985 (p = 0.001) | χ2 = 8.788 (p = 0.032) | ||||
Self-employed | 45.74 | 54.26 | 21.98 | 78.02 | ||
Employed | 44.26 | 55.74 | 14.75 | 85.25 | ||
Unemployed | 50.79 | 49.21 | 19.47 | 80.53 | ||
Students | 34.30 | 65.70 | 12.43 | 87.57 | ||
SES in home country | χ2 = 31.14 (p = 0.000) | χ2 = 0.642 (p = 0.725) | ||||
Middle and below | 45.19 | 54.81 | 14.62 | 85.38 | ||
High | 35.50 | 64.50 | 13.62 | 86.38 | ||
Very high | 17.59 | 82.41 | 16.67 | 83.33 | ||
Country of Origin | χ2 = 24.08 (p = 0.000) | χ2 = 18.65 (p = 0.000) | ||||
LICs | 26.00 | 74.00 | 7.72 | 92.28 | ||
MICs | 40.37 | 59.63 | 14.48 | 85.52 | ||
HICs | 46.67 | 53.33 | 21.65 | 78.35 |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 0.335 | 0.414 | 1.233 *** | 0.640 | 0.926 ** | 0.619 |
(0.373) | (0.378) | (0.355) | (0.348) | (0.341) | (0.351) | |
Study in China (yes = 1) | 0.673 *** | 0.685 *** | ||||
(0.165) | (0.170) | |||||
Chinese proficiency (ref. little/none) | ||||||
Good | −0.263 | |||||
(0.162) | ||||||
Proficient | 0.363 | |||||
(0.249) | ||||||
Country of Origin (ref. LICs) | ||||||
MICs | −0.577 ** | |||||
(0.180) | ||||||
HICs | −0.759 *** | |||||
(0.217) | ||||||
SES in home country (ref. middle and below) | ||||||
High | 0.413 ** | 0.403 ** | ||||
(0.148) | (0.148) | |||||
Very high | 1.345 *** | 1.319 *** | ||||
(0.285) | (0.285) | |||||
Employment status (ref. students) | ||||||
Self-employed | −0.319 | −0.242 | ||||
(0.256) | (0.259) | |||||
Employed | -0.199 | −0.131 | ||||
(0.223) | (0.227) | |||||
Unemployed | −0.470 * | −0.409 | ||||
(0.234) | (0.238) | |||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 2.013 *** | 2.177 *** | 2.928 *** | 2.624 *** | 2.492 *** | 2.556 *** |
(0.546) | (0.554) | (0.557) | (0.522) | (0.518) | (0.527) | |
Study in China (yes = 1) | 0.642 ** | 0.754 *** | ||||
(0.220) | (0.229) | |||||
Proficiency in Mandarin (ref. little/none) | ||||||
Good | −0.446 * | |||||
(0.224) | ||||||
Proficient | −0.361 | |||||
(0.318) | ||||||
Country of Origin (ref. LICs) | ||||||
MICs | −0.664 * | |||||
(0.278) | ||||||
HICs | −1.171 *** | |||||
(0.310) | ||||||
SES in home country (ref. middle and below) | ||||||
High | 0.010 | −0.006 | ||||
(0.205) | (0.206) | |||||
Very high | −0.355 | −0.405 | ||||
(0.298) | (0.300) | |||||
Employment status (ref. students) | ||||||
Self-employed | −0.663 * | −0.691 * | ||||
(0.318) | (0.320) | |||||
Employed | −0.175 | −0.194 | ||||
(0.303) | (0.304) | |||||
Unemployed | −0.364 | −0.384 | ||||
(0.306) | (0.307) | |||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. | S.D. | Coef. | S.D. | |
Study in China (yes = 1) | 0.376 ** | (0.121) | 0.334 * | (0.138) |
Chinese ability (ref. little/none) | ||||
Good | −0.139 | (0.102) | −0.221 | (0.120) |
Proficient | 0.280 | (0.148) | −0.158 | (0.175) |
Country of Origin (ref. LICs) | ||||
MICs | −0.316 ** | (0.111) | −0.271 | (0.142) |
HICs | −0.342 * | (0.142) | −0.567 *** | (0.170) |
SES in home country (ref. middle and below) | ||||
High | 0.248 ** | (0.093) | −0.017 | (0.113) |
Very high | 0.775 *** | (0.162) | −0.304 | (0.168) |
Employment status (ref. students) | ||||
Self-employed | 0.153 | (0.178) | −0.074 | (0.198) |
Employed | 0.112 | (0.152) | 0.105 | (0.181) |
Unemployed | −0.100 | (0.161) | −0.037 | (0.184) |
Control variables | Yes | - | Yes | - |
Constant | 0.263 | (0.256) | 1.514 *** | (0.316) |
Self-Rated Health Status (Logit) | |||||
Coef. | s.e. | p | 95% Conf. Interval | ||
Reduced | 0.682 | 0.165 | 0.000 | 0.357 | 1.006 |
Full | 0.685 | 0.170 | 0.000 | 0.352 | 1.019 |
Diff | −0.004 | 0.043 | 0.934 | −0.088 | 0.081 |
Self-Assessed Change in Health (Logit) | |||||
Coef. | s.e. | p | 95% Conf. Interval | ||
Reduced | 0.652 | 0.221 | 0.003 | 0.220 | 1.084 |
Full | 0.754 | 0.229 | 0.001 | 0.305 | 1.202 |
Diff | −0.102 | 0.057 | 0.074 | −0.213 | 0.010 |
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Fan, X.; Yan, F.; Yan, W. Better Choice, Better Health? Social Integration and Health Inequality among International Migrants in Hangzhou, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134787
Fan X, Yan F, Yan W. Better Choice, Better Health? Social Integration and Health Inequality among International Migrants in Hangzhou, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(13):4787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134787
Chicago/Turabian StyleFan, Xiaoguang, Fei Yan, and Wei Yan. 2020. "Better Choice, Better Health? Social Integration and Health Inequality among International Migrants in Hangzhou, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4787. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134787