The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy of Chinese Vocational College Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Emotional Intelligence
2.2. Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy
2.3. Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Instruments
3.2.1. Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Scale
3.2.2. Emotional Intelligence Scale
3.3. Procedure
3.4. Data Processing
4. Results
4.1. General Description
4.2. Correlation Description
4.3. Model Fitness, Effectiveness, and Reliability
4.4. Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Emotional Intelligence
4.5. Grade Differences in Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Emotional Intelligence
4.6. Regression Analysis
5. Discussion
5.1. An Analysis of Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Emotional Intelligence
5.2. An Analysis of Grade Differences in Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Emotional Intelligence
5.3. Relationship between Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Emotional Intelligence
5.4. Relationship between Different Levels of Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy
6. Limitations
7. Implications for Further Research
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Serial Number | Topic |
---|---|
1 | I can find market information needed for products and services for entrepreneurship. |
2 | I can create products that meet customers’ unmet needs. |
3 | I can generate a lot of new ideas and launch products from them. |
4 | I can find new ways to improve my existing products. |
5 | I can build and develop good relationships with people with entrepreneurial resources such as capital. |
6 | I can communicate effectively with others. |
7 | I can form a partnership or alliance with others. |
8 | I can quickly deal with strangers and find effective ways to communicate. |
9 | I can have long-term relationships with many people who study and work. |
10 | After establishing the management team, I can effectively arrange the roles and responsibilities of team members. |
11 | I can create a working environment to make people willing to work for me. |
12 | I have the leadership skills I need to be an entrepreneur. |
13 | I can manage my financial affairs effectively. |
14 | I can control the cost very well. |
15 | I can work more productively under pressure. |
16 | When things go bad, I believe I can keep going. |
17 | I can respond quickly to emergencies in the business environment. |
18 | I can make an effective decision under uncertainty. |
19 | I can work efficiently under the influence of worry and pressure all the time. |
Serial Number | Topic |
---|---|
1 | I have a good sense of why I have certain feelings most of the time. |
2 | I have good understanding of my own emotions. |
3 | I really understand what I feel. |
4 | I always know whether or not I am happy. |
5 | I always know my friends’ emotions from their behavior. |
6 | I am a good observer of others’ emotions. |
7 | I am sensitive to the feelings and emotions of others. |
8 | I have good understanding of the emotions of people around me. |
9 | I always set goals for myself and then try my best to achieve them. |
10 | I always tell myself I am a competent person. |
11 | I am a self-motivating person. |
12 | I would always encourage myself to try my best. |
13 | I am able to control my temper so that I can handle difficulties rationally. |
14 | I am quite capable of controlling my own emotions. |
15 | I can always calm down quickly when I am very angry. |
16 | I have good control of my own emotions. |
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Dimension | Items (No Reverse Questions) |
---|---|
Opportunity recognition | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Relationship | 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 |
Management | 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 |
Risk tolerance | 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 |
Dimension | Items (No Reverse Questions) |
---|---|
Appraisal of self-emotions | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Appraisal of others’ emotions | 5, 6, 7, 8 |
Regulation of emotion | 9, 10, 11, 12 |
Use of emotion on cognition | 13, 14, 15, 16 |
Variable | Category | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 290 | 0.55 |
Female | 239 | 0.45 | |
Grade | First grade | 196 | 0.37 |
Second grade | 157 | 0.30 | |
Third grade | 176 | 0.33 | |
Work experience | Have | 454 | 0.86 |
No | 75 | 0.14 | |
Attend training | Never had | 213 | 0.40 |
Listened to one or two entrepreneurial courses or lectures | 264 | 0.50 | |
Received a more systematic entrepreneurship education | 52 | 0.10 |
Scale | Dimension | M | SD | Cronbach a |
---|---|---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy | ESE-Total | 98.921 | 16.848 | 0.951 |
Opportunity recognition | 22.075 | 4.044 | 0.713 | |
Relationship | 21.323 | 3.631 | 0.805 | |
Management | 21.175 | 3.788 | 0.845 | |
Risk tolerance | 20.974 | 3.787 | 0.840 | |
Emotional Intelligence | EI-Total | 85.547 | 12.086 | 0.896 |
Appraisal of self-emotions | 20.331 | 4.295 | 0.895 | |
Appraisal of others’ emotions | 26.207 | 4.766 | 0.858 | |
Regulation of emotion | 26.106 | 5.157 | 0.898 | |
Use of emotion on cognition | 26.278 | 5.086 | 0.894 |
Variable | Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Sex | 1.45 | 0.50 | - | ||||
2. Grade | 1.96 | 0.84 | 0.091 * | - | |||
3. Major | 1.41 | 0.56 | 0.705 ** | 0.110 * | - | ||
4. EI | 85.547 | 12.086 | −0.126 ** | 0.174 ** | −0.097 * | 0.896 | |
5. ESE | 98.921 | 16.848 | −0.123 ** | 0.223 ** | −0.096 * | 0.413 ** | 0.951 |
Variable | CR | AVE | MSV | Square Roots of AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy | 0.946 | 5.19 | 1.26 | 2.278 |
Emotional Intelligence | 0.936 | 5.31 | 1.23 | 2.304 |
Male | Female | t | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||
Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy | 101.435 | 14.273 | 95.577 | 19.291 | 3.933 *** |
Opportunity recognition | 20.852 | 3.726 | 19.637 | 4.874 | 3.182 *** |
Relationship | 26.800 | 3.975 | 25.417 | 5.562 | 3.267 *** |
Management | 26.772 | 4.811 | 25.220 | 5.469 | 3.393 |
Risk tolerance | 27.010 | 4.621 | 25.302 | 5.506 | 3.795 ** |
Emotional Intelligence | 86.727 | 11.204 | 83.977 | 13.028 | 2.553 |
Appraisal of self-emotions | 21.941 | 3.676 | 22.252 | 4.490 | −0.857 |
Appraisal of others’ emotions | 21.685 | 3.250 | 20.876 | 4.047 | 2.416 * |
Regulation of emotion | 21.559 | 3.522 | 20.665 | 4.067 | 2.647 ** |
Use of emotion on cognition | 21.569 | 3.574 | 20.183 | 3.922 | 4.146 |
SS | df | MS | F | Sig | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy | Intergroup | 4481.340 | 2 | 2240.670 | 8.115 | 0.000 |
Intragroup | 139,429.511 | 505 | 276.098 | |||
Opportunity recognition | Intergroup | 61.726 | 2 | 30.863 | 1.678 | 0.188 |
Intragroup | 9290.715 | 505 | 18.397 | |||
Relationship | Intergroup | 389.888 | 2 | 194.944 | 8.847 | 0.000 |
Intragroup | 11,127.409 | 505 | 22.034 | |||
Management | Intergroup | 378.112 | 2 | 189.056 | 7.286 | 0.001 |
Intragroup | 13,104.148 | 505 | 25.949 | |||
Risk tolerance | Intergroup | 456.819 | 2 | 228.410 | 9.113 | 0.000 |
Intragroup | 12,657.045 | 505 | 25.063 |
SS | df | MS | F | Sig | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emotional Intelligence | Intergroup | 4409.697 | 2 | 2204.849 | 15.987 | 0.000 |
Intragroup | 69,646.169 | 505 | 137.913 | |||
Appraisal of self-emotions | Intergroup | 422.018 | 2 | 211.009 | 13.538 | 0.000 |
Intragroup | 7871.139 | 505 | 15.586 | |||
Appraisal of others’ emotions | Intergroup | 394.206 | 2 | 197.103 | 15.828 | 0.000 |
Intragroup | 6288.849 | 505 | 12.453 | |||
Regulation of emotion | Intergroup | 159.324 | 2 | 79.662 | 5.653 | 0.004 |
Intragroup | 7116.083 | 505 | 14.091 | |||
Use of emotion on cognition | Intergroup | 191.640 | 2 | 95.820 | 6.836 | 0.001 |
Intragroup | 7079.027 | 505 | 14.018 |
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Wen, Y.; Chen, H.; Pang, L.; Gu, X. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy of Chinese Vocational College Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124511
Wen Y, Chen H, Pang L, Gu X. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy of Chinese Vocational College Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124511
Chicago/Turabian StyleWen, Ya, Huaruo Chen, Liman Pang, and Xueying Gu. 2020. "The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy of Chinese Vocational College Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124511