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Volume 17
Issue 12
10.3390/ijerph17124335
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Review

Effects of International Labour Migration on the Mental Health and Well-Being of Left-Behind Children: A Systematic Literature Review

by
Khatia Antia
1,*,
Johannes Boucsein
1,
Andreas Deckert
1,
Peter Dambach
1,
Justina Račaitė
2,
Genė Šurkienė
2,
Thomas Jaenisch
1,
Olaf Horstick
1 and
Volker Winkler
1
1
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
2
Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio str. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(12), 4335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124335
Submission received: 8 May 2020 / Revised: 4 June 2020 / Accepted: 15 June 2020 / Published: 17 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Children's Health)
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Abstract

Labour migration is a challenge for the globalised world due to its long-term effects such as the formation of transnational families. These families, where family members of migrant workers are “left-behind”, are becoming a common phenomenon in many low- and middle-income countries. Our systematic literature review investigated the effects of international parental labour migration on the mental health and well-being of left-behind children. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we performed searches in PubMed, PsychINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, resulting in 30 finally included studies. We found that mental health and well-being outcomes of left-behind children differed across and sometimes even within regions. However, only studies conducted in the Americas and South Asia observed purely negative effects. Overall, left-behind children show abnormal Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores and report higher levels of depression and loneliness than children who do not live in transnational families. Evidence from the studies suggests that gender of the migrant parent, culture and other transnational family characteristics contribute to the well-being and mental health of left-behind children. Further research utilising longitudinal data is needed to better understand the complex and lasting effects on left-behind children.
Keywords: left-behind; children; labour migration; parent; mental health; well-being; transnational families left-behind; children; labour migration; parent; mental health; well-being; transnational families

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MDPI and ACS Style

Antia, K.; Boucsein, J.; Deckert, A.; Dambach, P.; Račaitė, J.; Šurkienė, G.; Jaenisch, T.; Horstick, O.; Winkler, V. Effects of International Labour Migration on the Mental Health and Well-Being of Left-Behind Children: A Systematic Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124335

AMA Style

Antia K, Boucsein J, Deckert A, Dambach P, Račaitė J, Šurkienė G, Jaenisch T, Horstick O, Winkler V. Effects of International Labour Migration on the Mental Health and Well-Being of Left-Behind Children: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124335

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antia, Khatia, Johannes Boucsein, Andreas Deckert, Peter Dambach, Justina Račaitė, Genė Šurkienė, Thomas Jaenisch, Olaf Horstick, and Volker Winkler. 2020. "Effects of International Labour Migration on the Mental Health and Well-Being of Left-Behind Children: A Systematic Literature Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124335

APA Style

Antia, K., Boucsein, J., Deckert, A., Dambach, P., Račaitė, J., Šurkienė, G., Jaenisch, T., Horstick, O., & Winkler, V. (2020). Effects of International Labour Migration on the Mental Health and Well-Being of Left-Behind Children: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4335. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124335

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