The Socioeconomic Inequality in Increment of Caries and Growth among Chinese Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N | Percentage/Mean | (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean age at baseline | 50.82 months | (50.09, 51.55) | |
Mean age at follow-up | 60.55 months | (59.84, 61.26) | |
Gender | |||
Male | 397 | 51.42% | (47.89, 54.95) |
Female | 375 | 48.58% | (45.05, 52.11) |
Area | |||
Urban | 266 | 34.46% | (31.18, 37.89) |
Rural | 506 | 65.54% | (62.11, 68.82) |
Income a | |||
0–3999 | 129 | 16.71% | (14.25, 19.52) |
4000–5999 | 162 | 20.98% | (18.25, 24.01) |
6000–9999 | 162 | 20.98% | (18.25, 24.01) |
10,000 or above | 108 | 13.99% | (11.71, 16.63) |
Undeclared | 211 | 27.34% | (24.30, 31.59) |
Mother education a | |||
Primary school and middle school | 200 | 25.91% | (22.93, 29.12) |
High school and junior college | 237 | 30.70% | (27.54, 34.05) |
Bachelor or above | 216 | 27.98% | (24.92, 31.26) |
Others | 119 | 15.41% | (13.03, 18.14) |
Mean Fresh fruit consumption a | 1.41 | (1.37, 1.45) | |
Mean Sugar consumption a | 1.03 | (0.97, 1.09) | |
Mean DMFT (baseline) | 3.18 | (2.91, 3.45) | |
Mean DMFT (follow up) | 4.21 | (3.90, 4.51) | |
Mean weight-for-age z-score (baseline) | 0.58 | (0.50, 0.66) | |
Mean weight-for-age z-score (follow up) | 0.66 | (0.58, 0.75) | |
Mean height-for-age z-score (baseline) | 0.49 | (0.42, 0.56) | |
Mean height-for-age z-score (follow up) | 0.69 | (0.62, 0.76) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | |
Age (year) | 1.29 *** (1.17, 1.41) | 1.29 *** (1.17, 1.41) | 1.29 *** (1.17, 1.41) | 1.29 *** (1.16, 1.41) |
Sex (Female) | 0.44 (−0.03, 0.90) | 0.41 (−0.05, 0.87) | 0.39 (−0.07, 0.86) | 0.42 (−0.04, 0.88) |
Income | ||||
0–3999 (reference) | ||||
4000–5999 | 0.02 (−0.76, 0.80) | 0.11 (−0.68, 0.89) | ||
6000–9999 | −0.57 (−1.34, 0.21) | −0.16 (−0.97, 0.65) | ||
10,000 or above | −0.90 * (−1.77, −0.02) | −0.24 (−1.19, 0.70) | ||
Undeclared | −0.35 (−1.10, 0.39) | −0.38 (−1.25, 0.50) | ||
Mother education | ||||
Bachelor or above (reference) | ||||
Primary school and middle school | 1.28 *** (0.62, 1.93) | 0.96 * (0.18, 1.74) | ||
High school and junior college | 1.07 *** (0.48, 1.67) | 0.86 * (0.20, 1.51) | ||
Others | 0.95 * (0.22, 1.69) | 0.99 * (0.01, 1.98) | ||
Area | ||||
Urban (reference) | ||||
Rural | 0.86 ** (0.36, 1.37) | 0.37 (−0.24, 0.98) | ||
Fresh fruit | 0.17 (−0.31, 0.65) | 0.30 (−0.18, 0.78) | 0.29 (−0.20, 0.77) | 0.38 (−0.11, 0.88) |
Mean sugar consumption | 0.33 * (0.06, 0.59) | 0.31 * (0.05, 0.58) | 0.33 * (0.06, 0.59) | 0.32 * (0.05, 0.58) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | |
Age (year) | 0.09 *** (0.05, 0.13) | 0.09 *** (0.05, 0.13) | 0.09 *** (0.05, 0.13) | 0.09 *** (0.05, 0.13) |
Sex (Female) | −0.22 ** (−0.37, −0.07) | −0.21 ** (−0.37, −0.06) | −0.22 ** (−0.37, −0.06) | −0.21 ** (−0.36, −0.06) |
Income | ||||
0–3999 (reference) | ||||
4000–5999 | 0.35 ** (0.10, 0.60) | 0.36 ** (0.11, 0.61) | ||
6000–9999 | 0.26 * (0.01, 0.51) | 0.26 (−0.01, 0.52) | ||
10,000 or above | 0.29 * (0.01, 0.57) | 0.27 (−0.03, 0.58) | ||
Undeclared | 0.22 (−0.02, 0.46) | 0.07 (−0.21, 0.36) | ||
Mother education | ||||
Bachelor or above (reference) | ||||
Primary school and middle school | −0.06 (−0.28, 0.15) | 0.03 (−0.23, 0.28) | ||
High school and junior college | −0.06 (−0.26, 0.14) | −0.04 (−0.25, 0.18) | ||
Others | 0.08 (−0.16, 0.33) | |||
Area (reference) | ||||
Urban | ||||
Rural | −0.07 (−0.24, 0.09) | −0.04 (−0.24, 0.16) | ||
Fresh fruit | −0.03 (−0.18, 0.12) | −0.02 (−0.18, 0.14) | −0.03 (−0.18, 0.13) | −0.03 (−0.19, 0.13) |
Mean sugar consumption | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) | −0.14 (−0.10, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.08) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | |
Age (year) | 0.21 *** (0.18, 0.24) | 0.21 *** (0.18, 0.24) | 0.21 *** (0.18, 0.24) | 0.21 *** (0.18, 0.24) |
Sex (Female) | −0.13 (−0.27, 0.01) | −0.12 (−0.26, 0.02) | −0.12 (−0.26, 0.02) | −0.12 (−0.26, 0.02) |
Income | ||||
0–3999 (reference) | ||||
4000–5999 | 0.19 (−0.04, 0.42) | 0.18 (−0.05, 0.41) | ||
6000–9999 | 0.26 * (0.03, 0.49) | 0.21 (−0.03, 0.46) | ||
10,000 or above | 0.24 (−0.02, 0.49) | 0.17 (−0.11, 0.45) | ||
Undeclared | 0.09 (−0.13, 0.31) | 0.01 (−0.26, 0.26) | ||
Mother education | ||||
Bachelor or above (reference) | ||||
Primary school and middle school | −0.18 (−0.38, 0.02) | −0.08 (−0.32, 0.15) | ||
High school and junior college | −0.07 (−0.26, 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.23, 0.17) | ||
Others | −0.08 (−0.30, 0.14) | 0.09 (−0.20, 0.39) | ||
Area | ||||
Urban (reference) | ||||
Rural | −0.13 (−0.28, 0.03) | −0.06 (−0.24, 0.13) | ||
Fresh fruit | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.15) | −0.01 (−0.14, 0.14) | −0.01 (−0.14, 0.14) | −0.01 (−0.16, 0.13) |
Mean sugar consumption | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.08) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.08) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.08) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.08) |
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Shen, A.; Bernabé, E.; Sabbah, W. The Socioeconomic Inequality in Increment of Caries and Growth among Chinese Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124234
Shen A, Bernabé E, Sabbah W. The Socioeconomic Inequality in Increment of Caries and Growth among Chinese Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124234
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Anqi, Eduardo Bernabé, and Wael Sabbah. 2020. "The Socioeconomic Inequality in Increment of Caries and Growth among Chinese Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124234