Early-Life Conditions and Cognitive Function in Middle-and Old-Aged Chinese Adults: A Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Measurements
2.2. Cognitive Function
2.3. ELCs
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total Mean/% | Aged 45–59 Years Mean/% | Aged 60 + Mean/% | p Value for Age Group Difference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mental intactness | 6.4 (2.9) | 6.8 (2.7) | 5.9 (3.1) | <0.001 |
Episodic memory | 3.5 (1.7) | 3.8 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Early paternal death | <0.001 | |||
No | 84.9 | 88.9 | 78.7 | |
Yes | 15.1 | 11.1 | 21.3 | |
Early maternal death | <0.001 | |||
No | 90.1 | 93.1 | 85.7 | |
Yes | 9.9 | 6.9 | 14.3 | |
Paternal education | <0.001 | |||
Illiterate | 59.1 | 54.3 | 65.9 | |
Able to read or write | 40.9 | 45.7 | 34.1 | |
Paternal employment | <0.001 | |||
Agricultural | 80.4 | 78.5 | 83.2 | |
Non-agricultural | 19.6 | 21.5 | 16.8 | |
Food adequacy | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 29.3 | 32.1 | 25.4 | |
No | 70.7 | 67.9 | 74.6 | |
Childhood self-rated health | 0.06 | |||
Healthy | 35.2 | 35.6 | 34.6 | |
Average | 51.6 | 50.9 | 52.7 | |
Less healthy | 13.2 | 13.5 | 12.7 | |
Age | 59 (9.5) | 52 (4.5) | 68 (6.5) | / |
Gender | / | |||
Male | 48.6 | 47.7 | 49.9 | |
Female | 51.4 | 52.3 | 50.1 | |
Adulthood education | 3.3 (1.9) | 3.7 (1.9) | 2.8 (1.8) | <0.001 |
Marital status | <0.001 | |||
Married | 87.7 | 94.4 | 79.2 | |
Not married | 12.3 | 5.6 | 20.8 | |
Living areas | 0.30 | |||
Rural | 63.4 | 63.0 | 63.9 | |
Urban | 36.6 | 37.0 | 36.1 | |
ADL limitation | <0.001 | |||
Yes | 16.3 | 10.7 | 23.5 | |
No | 83.7 | 89.3 | 76.5 | |
Adulthood physical injury | 0.45 | |||
Yes | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.7 | |
No | 91.5 | 91.6 | 91.3 | |
Number of chronic diseases | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Current smoker | <0.001 | |||
No | 60.1 | 61.8 | 58.0 | |
Yes | 39.9 | 38.2 | 42.0 | |
Current drinker | <0.001 | |||
No | 66.6 | 64.4 | 69.4 | |
Yes | 33.4 | 35.6 | 30.6 |
Variable | Mental Intactness | Episodic Memory | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 |
Early paternal death (p < 0.000) a | ||||||
No | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.3 |
Yes | 6.2 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.8 |
Early maternal death (p < 0.000) b | ||||||
No | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.2 |
Yes | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 2.8 |
Father’s education (p < 0.000) c | ||||||
Illiterate | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 2.9 |
Can read or writing | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.7 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.5 |
Father’s job (p < 0.000) d | ||||||
Agricultural | 6.2 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.0 |
Non-agricultural | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.9 |
Food adequacy (p < 0.000) e | ||||||
Yes | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 |
No | 6.3 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.1 |
Childhood self-rated health (p < 0.000) f | ||||||
Healthy | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 |
Average | 6.4 | 6.3 | 6.0 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.2 |
Less healthy | 6.0 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.0 |
Variables | Aged 45–59 Years | Aged 60 Years+ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β, Model 1 | β, Model 2 | β, Model 3 | β, Model 4 | β, Model 1 | β, Model 2 | β, Model 3 | β, Model 4 | |
Early paternal death (no) | ||||||||
Yes | −0.10 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.07 |
Early maternal death (no) | ||||||||
Yes | −0.44 *** | −0.15 | −0.13 | −0.19 * | −0.35 ** | −0.09 | −0.09 | −0.03 |
Paternal education (illiterate) | ||||||||
Able to read and write | 0.54 *** | 0.26 *** | 0.23 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.80 *** | 0.36 *** | 0.33 *** | 0.27 ** |
Paternal employment (agricultural) | ||||||||
Non-agricultural | 0.92 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.15 * | 0.11 * | 1.27 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.13 ** |
Food adequacy (no) | ||||||||
Yes | 0.28 *** | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.11 | −0.34 |
Childhood self-rated health (healthy) | ||||||||
Average | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.19 * | −0.14 * | −0.11 | −0.11 |
Less healthy | −0.36 *** | −0.26 *** | −0.19 * | −0.19 * | −0.36 ** | −0.27 * | −0.22 * | −0.22 *** |
Early paternal death * age | −0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
Early maternal death * age | −0.03 | −0.01 | ||||||
Paternal education * age | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
Paternal employment * age | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||||||
Food adequacy * age | 0.03 ** | 0.01 | ||||||
Age | −0.05 *** | −0.02 ** | −0.01 ** | −0.02 | −0.10 *** | −0.08 *** | −0.07 *** | −0.08 *** |
Female (male) | −1.31 *** | −0.52 *** | −0.58 *** | −0.58 *** | −1.86 *** | −0.90 *** | −0.91 *** | −0.91 *** |
Education | 0.64 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.76 *** | 0.71 *** | 0.71 *** | ||
Marital status (married) | ||||||||
Not married | −0.31 ** | −0.30 ** | −0.24 ** | −0.24 ** | ||||
Rural (urban) | −0.47 *** | −0.47 *** | −0.60 *** | −0.60 *** | ||||
ADL | −0.31 *** | −0.30 *** | −0.45 *** | −0.45 *** | ||||
Adulthood physical limitation (no) | −0.27 *** | −0.27 ** | 0.03 | 0.03 | ||||
Number of chronic diseases | −0.03 * | −0.03 * | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||
Current smoker (no) | −0.09 | −0.09 | −0.01 | −0.01 | ||||
Current drinker (no) | 0.08 | 0.08 * | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||
-Log likelihood | 44,140.83 | 43,085.56 | 42,290.61 | 42,282.05 | 28,944.13 | 28,147.55 | 27,841.16 | 27,839.66 |
Variables | Aged 45–59 Years | Aged 60 Years+ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β, Model 1 | β, Model 2 | β, Model 3 | β, Model 4 | β, Model 1 | β, Model 2 | β, Model 3 | β, Model 4 | |
Early paternal death (no) | ||||||||
Yes | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.16 | −0.20 *** | −0.10 * | −0.09 * | −0.10 * |
Early maternal death (no) | ||||||||
Yes | −0.20 ** | −0.06 | −0.06 | −0.08 | −0.20 *** | −0.10 | −0.10 | −0.09 |
Paternal education (illiterate) | ||||||||
Able to read and write | 0.23 *** | 0.09 ** | 0.08 * | 0.03 * | 0.33 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.15 *** | 0.15 *** |
Paternal employment (agricultural) | ||||||||
Non-agricultural | 0.65 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.65 *** | 0.34 *** | 0.27 *** | 0.27 *** |
Food adequacy (no) | ||||||||
Yes | 0.16 *** | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.05 | −0.09 * | −0.10 * | −0.10 * |
Childhood self-rated health (healthy) | ||||||||
Average | −0.12 *** | −0.08 * | −0.07 * | −0.07 * | −0.17 *** | −0.15 *** | −0.14 ** | −0.14 *** |
Less healthy | −0.21 *** | −0.17 ** | −0.14 * | −0.14 * | −0.15 * | −0.11 | −0.07 | −0.07 |
Early paternal death * age | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
Early maternal death * age | 0.01 | −0.01 | ||||||
Paternal education * age | −0.01 | −0.01 | ||||||
Paternal employment * age | 0.02 ** | −0.01 | ||||||
Food adequacy * age | −0.01 | −0.10 | ||||||
Age | −0.05 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.05 ** | −0.08 *** | −0.07 *** | −0.07 *** | −0.07 *** |
Female (male) | −0.14 *** | 0.24 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.28 *** | −0.25 *** | 0.13 ** | 0.08 | 0.08 |
Education | 0.31 *** | 0.30 *** | 0.30 *** | 0.30 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.28 *** | ||
Marital status (married) | ||||||||
Not married | −0.13 * | −0.13 * | −0.10 * | −0.10 * | ||||
Rural (urban) | −0.14 *** | −0.14 *** | −0.24 *** | −0.24 *** | ||||
ADL | −0.15 *** | −0.14 *** | −0.16 *** | −0.16 *** | ||||
Adulthood physical limitation (no) | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.03 | −0.03 | ||||
Number of chronic diseases | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.03 * | −0.02 * | ||||
Current smoker (no) | 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.10 * | −0.10 * | ||||
Current drinker (no) | 0.10 *** | 0.10 ** | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||||
-Log likelihood | 35,945.26 | 35,327.65 | 34,661.79 | 34,657.78 | 22,926.31 | 22,544.16 | 22,328.90 | 22,327.79 |
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Yang, L.; Wang, Z. Early-Life Conditions and Cognitive Function in Middle-and Old-Aged Chinese Adults: A Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103451
Yang L, Wang Z. Early-Life Conditions and Cognitive Function in Middle-and Old-Aged Chinese Adults: A Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(10):3451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103451
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Lei, and Zhenbo Wang. 2020. "Early-Life Conditions and Cognitive Function in Middle-and Old-Aged Chinese Adults: A Longitudinal Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3451. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103451