Association of Ambient Air Pollution with Increased Liver Enzymes in Korean Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Liver Enzyme Measurement
2.3. Air Pollution Exposure
2.4. Variables of Interest
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Mean ± SD or n (%) | Log ALT p-Value | Log AST p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 49.5 ± 16.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Female | 20,672 (57.2) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Education level | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
≤Elementary school | 9367 (25.9) | ||
Middle school | 3964 (11.0) | ||
High school | 12,259 (33.9) | ||
≥College or graduate school | 10,561 (29.2) | ||
Residential region | 0.0010 | <0.0001 | |
Urban | 24,302 (67.2) | ||
Rural | 11,849 (32.8) | ||
Smoking | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Current smokers | 7748 (21.4) | ||
Former smokers | 7193 (19.9) | ||
Never | 21,210 (58.7) | ||
Alcohol Consumption (freq. per month) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Never | 10,230 (28.3) | ||
≤1 | 10,363 (28.7) | ||
2–3 | 12,977 (35.9) | ||
≥4 | 2581 (7.1) | ||
Moderate physical activity | <0.0001 | 0.0008 | |
Yes | 14,162 (39.2) | ||
No | 21,989 (60.8) | ||
Stress | 0.4000 | 0.0003 | |
Yes | 9676 (26.8) | ||
No | 26,475 (73.2) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.7 ± 3.3 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
WC (cm) | 81.3 ± 9.9 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
SBP | 118.8 ± 17.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Hypertension | 11,010 (30.5) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
TC (mg/dL) | 188.6 ± 36.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 98.0 ± 22.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
T2D | 3487 (9.7) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
CVD | 1518 (4.2) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Liver enzymes (IU/L) | |||
ALT | 21.7 ± 18.9 | ||
AST | 22.5 ± 13.4 |
Air Pollutants | Urban | Rural | Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (Median) | IQR | Mean (Median) | IQR | Mean (Median) | IQR | |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 51.7 (51) | 10 | 48.9 (48) | 7 | 50.7 (49) | 9 |
NO2 (ppb) | 28.5 (30) | 7 | 18.0 (18) | 3 | 25.1 (24) | 11 |
SO2 (ppb) | 5.5 (5) | 1 | 5.2 (5) | 2 | 5.4 (5) | 1 |
CO (ppm) | 0.6 (0.6) | 0.1 | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.1 | 0.5 (0.6) | 0.1 |
Air Pollution | Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | |
log ALT | ||||||||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 0.0183 (0.0104, 0.0262) | <0.0001 | 0.0216 (0.0140, 0.0292) | <0.0001 | 0.0207 (0.0131, 0.0283) | <0.0001 | 0.0228 (0.0157, 0.0299) | <0.0001 |
NO2 (ppb) | −0.0066 (−0.0156, 0.0025) | 0.1547 | 0.0135 (0.0007, 0.0263) | 0.0387 | 0.0127 (−0.0001, 0.0254) | 0.0520 | 0.0251 (0.0132, 0.0371) | <0.0001 |
SO2 (ppb) | 0.0116 (0.0065, 0.0167) | <0.0001 | 0.0128 (0.0079, 0.0176) | <0.0001 | 0.0130 (0.0081, 0.0178) | <0.0001 | 0.0132 (0.0087, 0.0177) | <0.0001 |
CO (ppm) | 0.0136 (0.0073, 0.0198) | <0.0001 | 0.0140 (0.0081, 0.0198) | <0.0001 | 0.0134 (0.0075, 0.0193) | <0.0001 | 0.0165 (0.0110, 0.0219) | <0.0001 |
log AST | ||||||||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 0.0019 (-0.0033, 0.0071) | 0.4743 | 0.0098 (0.0048, 0.0148) | 0.0001 | 0.0098 (0.0048, 0.0148) | 0.0001 | 0.0105 (0.0056, 0.0154) | <0.0001 |
NO2 (ppb) | −0.0214 (−0.0274, −0.0155) | <0.0001 | 0.0131 (0.0047, 0.0215) | 0.0022 | 0.0131 (0.0047, 0.0214) | 0.0021 | 0.0157 (0.0074, 0.0239) | 0.0002 |
SO2 (ppb) | 0.0057 (0.0023, 0.0091) | 0.0008 | 0.0073 (0.0041, 0.0105) | <0.0001 | 0.0074 (0.0042, 0.0105) | <0.0001 | 0.0073 (0.0042, 0.0104) | <0.0001 |
CO (ppm) | 0.0066 (0.0025, 0.0107) | 0.0017 | 0.0096 (0.0057, 0.0135) | <0.0001 | 0.0099 (0.0060, 0.0137) | <0.0001 | 0.0115 (0.0077, 0.0153) | <0.0001 |
Air Pollution | Non-Drinker (n = 10,230) | Drinker (n = 25,921) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | |
log ALT | ||||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 0.0119 (−0.0009, 0.0248) | 0.0693 | 0.0285 (0.0201, 0.0368) | <0.0001 |
NO2 (ppb) | 0.0266 (0.0040, 0.0492) | 0.0209 | 0.0249 (0.0109, 0.0388) | 0.0005 |
SO2 (ppb) | 0.0137 (0.0055, 0.0220) | 0.0011 | 0.0121 (0.0068, 0.0174) | <0.0001 |
CO (ppm) | 0.0043 (−0.0056, 0.0142) | 0.3984 | 0.0247 (0.0182, 0.0311) | <0.0001 |
log AST | ||||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 0.0030 (0.0056, 0.0116) | 0.4945 | 0.0139 (0.0079, 0.0198) | <0.0001 |
NO2 (ppb) | 0.0159 (−0.0007, 0.0310) | 0.0403 | 0.0165 (0.0066, 0.0264) | 0.0011 |
SO2 (ppb) | 0.0070 (0.0015, 0.0126) | 0.0132 | 0.0073 (0.0035, 0.0110) | 0.0002 |
CO (ppm) | 0.0003 (−0.0063, 0.0070) | 0.9217 | 0.0164 (0.0118, 0.0210) | <0.0001 |
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Kim, H.-J.; Min, J.-y.; Seo, Y.-S.; Min, K.-b. Association of Ambient Air Pollution with Increased Liver Enzymes in Korean Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071213
Kim H-J, Min J-y, Seo Y-S, Min K-b. Association of Ambient Air Pollution with Increased Liver Enzymes in Korean Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(7):1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071213
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hyun-Jin, Jin-young Min, Yong-Seok Seo, and Kyoung-bok Min. 2019. "Association of Ambient Air Pollution with Increased Liver Enzymes in Korean Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1213. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071213