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Volume 16
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Article

Maternal Employment Status and Minimum Meal Frequency in Children 6-23 Months in Tanzania

by
Lauren C. Manzione
1,
Heidi Kriser
1,
Emily G. Gamboa
1,
Curtis M. Hanson
1,
Generose Mulokozi
2,
Osiah Mwaipape
2,
Taylor H. Hoj
1,
Mary Linehan
2,
Scott Torres
2,
P. Cougar Hall
1,
Josh H. West
1 and
Benjamin T. Crookston
1,*
1
Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, LSB, Provo, UT 84602, USA
2
IMA World Health, Nyalali Curve, PO Box 9260, Plot 1657, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(7), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071137
Submission received: 9 February 2019 / Revised: 19 March 2019 / Accepted: 26 March 2019 / Published: 29 March 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of Adolescents and Children Health Research)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

As women in developing world settings gain access to formal work sectors, it is important to understand how such changes might influence child nutrition. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between maternal employment status and minimum meal frequency (MMF) among children in Tanzania. Interviews were conducted with 5000 mothers of children ages 0–23 months. The questionnaire used in these interviews was developed by adopting questions from Tanzania’s latest Demographic and Health Survey (2015–2016) where possible and creating additional questions needed for programmatic baseline measurements. MMF was used as proxy for child nutrition. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify associations between employment status and parenting practices of Tanzanian mothers and MMF of their children. After adjusting for confounders, informal maternal employment [OR = 0.58], lack of financial autonomy [OR = 0.57] and bringing the child with them when working away from home [OR = 0.59] were negatively associated with meeting MMF. Payment in cash [OR = 1.89], carrying food for the child [OR = 1.34] and leaving food at home for the child [OR = 2.52] were positively associated with meeting MMF. Informal maternal employment was found to be negatively associated with meeting MMF among Tanzanian children. However, behaviors such as bringing or leaving prepared food, fiscal autonomy and payment in cash showed significant positive associations. These findings could help direct future programs to reduce child stunting.
Keywords: minimum meal frequency; childhood nutrition; Tanzania; maternal employment; childcare practices minimum meal frequency; childhood nutrition; Tanzania; maternal employment; childcare practices

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Manzione, L.C.; Kriser, H.; Gamboa, E.G.; Hanson, C.M.; Mulokozi, G.; Mwaipape, O.; Hoj, T.H.; Linehan, M.; Torres, S.; Hall, P.C.; et al. Maternal Employment Status and Minimum Meal Frequency in Children 6-23 Months in Tanzania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071137

AMA Style

Manzione LC, Kriser H, Gamboa EG, Hanson CM, Mulokozi G, Mwaipape O, Hoj TH, Linehan M, Torres S, Hall PC, et al. Maternal Employment Status and Minimum Meal Frequency in Children 6-23 Months in Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(7):1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071137

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manzione, Lauren C., Heidi Kriser, Emily G. Gamboa, Curtis M. Hanson, Generose Mulokozi, Osiah Mwaipape, Taylor H. Hoj, Mary Linehan, Scott Torres, P. Cougar Hall, and et al. 2019. "Maternal Employment Status and Minimum Meal Frequency in Children 6-23 Months in Tanzania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7: 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071137

APA Style

Manzione, L. C., Kriser, H., Gamboa, E. G., Hanson, C. M., Mulokozi, G., Mwaipape, O., Hoj, T. H., Linehan, M., Torres, S., Hall, P. C., West, J. H., & Crookston, B. T. (2019). Maternal Employment Status and Minimum Meal Frequency in Children 6-23 Months in Tanzania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071137

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