Links between Adolescents’ Engagement in Physical Activity and Their Attachment to Mothers, Fathers, and Peers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Directions for Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scale | Total (N = 835) | Girls (N = 480) | Boys (N = 355) | Cohen’s d | 15–16 y.o. (N = 441) | 17–18 y.o. (N = 394) | Cohen’s d | Average or Lower Status (N = 457) | Higher than Average Status (N = 378) | Cohen’s d | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ | s | χ | s | χ | s | χ | s | χ | s | χ | s | χ | s | ||||
Physical activity | 2.2 | 0.6 | 2.2 *** | 0.5 | 2.3 *** | 0.6 | 0.27 | 2.3 ** | 0.6 | 2.2 ** | 0.6 | 0.21 | 2.2 ** | 0.6 | 2.3 ** | 0.6 | 0.22 |
Mother attachment | 3.8 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 0.11 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 0.02 | 3.8 * | 0.7 | 3.9 * | 0.6 | 0.17 |
Father attachment | 3.5 | 0.7 | 3.4 ** | 0.8 | 3.6 ** | 0.7 | 0.19 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 0.08 | 3.4 *** | 0.7 | 3.6 *** | 0.7 | 0.27 |
Parent attachment | 3.7 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 0.00 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 0.05 | 3.6 *** | 0.6 | 3.8 *** | 0.6 | 0.26 |
Peer attachment | 3.8 | 0.6 | 3.9 *** | 0.6 | 3.6 *** | 0.6 | 0.57 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 0.10 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 0.05 |
Mother trust | 4.1 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 0.01 | 4.2 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 0.06 | 4.1 * | 0.7 | 4.2 * | 0.6 | 0.18 |
Father trust | 3.8 | 0.8 | 3.7 * | 0.8 | 3.9 * | 0.7 | 0.17 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 0.08 | 3.7 *** | 0.8 | 3.9 *** | 0.7 | 0.25 |
Parent trust | 4.0 | 0.6 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 0.11 | 4.0 | 0.6 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 0.08 | 3.9 *** | 0.6 | 4.0 *** | 0.5 | 0.27 |
Peer trust | 4.1 | 0.7 | 4.2 *** | 0.6 | 3.9 *** | 0.7 | 0.49 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 0.04 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 4.1 | 0.7 | 0.01 |
Mother communication | 3.6 | 0.7 | 3.7 ** | 0.8 | 3.6 ** | 0.7 | 0.23 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 0.04 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 0.12 |
Father communication | 3.3 | 0.8 | 3.2 * | 0.9 | 3.4 * | 0.8 | 0.17 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 0.11 | 3.2 ** | 0.8 | 3.4 ** | 0.8 | 0.23 |
Parent communication | 3.5 | 0.7 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 3.5 | 0.6 | 0.02 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 0.09 | 3.4 ** | 0.7 | 3.5 ** | 0.6 | 0.21 |
Peer communication | 3.8 | 0.7 | 4.0 *** | 0.7 | 3.6 *** | 0.8 | 0.67 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 0.7 | 0.09 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 0.07 |
Mother alienation | 2.4 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.03 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.08 | 2.5 * | 0.8 | 2.4 * | 0.8 | 0.16 |
Father alienation | 2.6 | 0.8 | 2.7 ** | 0.8 | 2.5 ** | 0.8 | 0.19 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 0.01 | 2.7 *** | 0.8 | 2.5 *** | 0.8 | 0.25 |
Parent alienation | 2.5 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.09 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.04 | 2.6 ** | 0.7 | 2.4 ** | 0.7 | 0.24 |
Peer alienation | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.5 ** | 0.6 | 2.7 ** | 0.6 | 0.22 | 2.6 * | 0.6 | 2.5 * | 0.6 | 0.16 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 0.05 |
Scale/Variable | Physical Activity Score | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Girls | Boys | ||
Mother attachment | 0.088 * | 0.082 | 0.118 * | 0.01–0.19—very weak almost non-existent correlation |
Father attachment | 0.182 ** | 0.170 ** | 0.176 ** | 0.20–0.39 = weak correlation |
Parent attachment | 0.165 ** | 0.155 ** | 0.174 ** | 0.40–0.69 = medium correlation |
Peer attachment | 0.039 | 0.038 | 0.131 * | 0.70–0.89 = strong correlation |
Mother trust | 0.095 ** | 0.074 | 0.131 * | 0.90–1.00 = very strong correlation |
Father trust | 0.170 ** | 0.150 ** | 0.180 ** | |
Parent trust | 0.165 ** | 0.142 ** | 0.189 ** | |
Peer trust | 0.048 | 0.036 | 0.137 ** | |
Mother communication | 0.076 * | 0.084 | 0.105 * | |
Father communication | 0.187 ** | 0.192 ** | 0.158 ** | |
Parent communication | 0.161 ** | 0.169 ** | 0.155 ** | |
Peer communication | 0.035 | 0.042 | 0.127 * | |
Mother alienation | −0.061 | −0.065 | −0.061 | |
Father alienation | −0.127 ** | −0.113 * | −0.122 * | |
Parent alienation | −0.111 ** | −0.106 * | −0.106 * | |
Peer alienation | −0.008 | −0.017 | −0.030 | |
Gender | 0.132 ** | |||
Age in years | −0.134 ** | −0.195 ** | –0.052 | |
SES | 0.118 ** | 0.135 ** | 0.068 |
Model * | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | ||||
1 | (Constant) | 2.554 | 0.297 | 8.602 | 0.000 | |
Gender | 0.123 | 0.038 | 0.108 | 3.204 | 0.001 | |
Age in years | −0.058 | 0.016 | −0.118 | −3.508 | 0.000 | |
SES | 0.081 | 0.038 | 0.071 | 2.101 | 0.036 | |
Father communication | 0.109 | 0.023 | 0.162 | 4.778 | 0.000 |
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Lisinskiene, A.; Juskeliene, V. Links between Adolescents’ Engagement in Physical Activity and Their Attachment to Mothers, Fathers, and Peers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050866
Lisinskiene A, Juskeliene V. Links between Adolescents’ Engagement in Physical Activity and Their Attachment to Mothers, Fathers, and Peers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(5):866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050866
Chicago/Turabian StyleLisinskiene, Ausra, and Vida Juskeliene. 2019. "Links between Adolescents’ Engagement in Physical Activity and Their Attachment to Mothers, Fathers, and Peers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5: 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050866