The Effect of Special Medical Examination for Night Shift Workers and Follow-Up Management Against Hypertension
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Follow-Up Management of the Subjects with Hypertension
3.2. Characteristics of Subjects with Hypertension in the Proper Management Group
3.3. Characteristics of the Subjects in Proper Management Group Based on the Size of Companies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maintained | Improved | Not Improved | |
---|---|---|---|
Drinking | - | Adequate level on the second-year survey | Excessive drinking on the second-year survey |
Exercise | - | Adequate level on the second-year survey | Lacking exercise on the second-year survey |
Smoking | - | Non-smoker or previous smoker on the second-year survey | Current smoker on the second-year survey |
Comorbidities | |||
Diabetes | Not diagnosed with diabetes on either first- or second-year examination | Second examination outcomes in the first year showing fasting blood sugar level of ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c level of ≥6.5%, but blood test in the second-year examination showing fasting blood sugar level of <126 mg/dL or HbA1c level of <6.5% or the patient was currently under anti-diabetic medications | Second examination outcomes in both first and second years showing fasting blood sugar level of ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c level of ≥6.5% |
Dyslipidemia | Not diagnosed with dyslipidemia on either first- or second-year examination (blood test) | Second examination outcomes (blood test) in the first year showing LDL cholesterol level of ≥160 mg/dL or triglyceride level of ≥500 mg/dL or total cholesterol level of ≥240 mg/dL, but blood test in the second year showing the levels below the standard of dyslipidemia or the patient currently under treatment improved | Second examination outcomes on both first- and second-years showing LDL cholesterol level of ≥160 mg/dL or triglyceride level of ≥500 mg/dL or total cholesterol level of ≥240 mg/dL |
BMI * | Normal BMI on both first and second years (<23) | BMI in the second year decreased compared with BMI in the first-year examination | BMI in the second year increased compared with BMI in the first-year examination |
Waist circumference * | Normal waist circumference on both first- and second-year examinations (<90 cm for men and <85 cm for women) | Waist circumference measured in the second year decreased compared with waist circumference measured in the first-year examination | Waist circumference measured in the second-year examination increased compared with waist circumference measured in the first-year examination |
Improper, N (%) (n = 567 (27.4%)) | Proper, N (%) (n = 1503 (72.6%)) | p-Value * | |
---|---|---|---|
Age * | <0.0001 | ||
≤20 s | 63 (11.1) | 125 (8.3) | |
30 s | 198 (34.9) | 360 (24.0) | |
40 s | 174 (30.7) | 507 (33.7) | |
≥50 s | 132 (23.3) | 511 (34.0) | |
Sex * | 0.0156 | ||
Male | 532 (93.8) | 1360 (90.5) | |
Female | 35 (6.2) | 143 (9.5) | |
Size of companies † | 0.0004 | ||
≥300 | 278 (49.0) | 867 (57.7) | |
50–299 | 289 (51.0) | 636 (42.3) | |
Work period | 0.0093 | ||
<2 years | 68 (12.1) | 129 (8.7) | |
2–5 years | 167 (29.7) | 420 (28.3) | |
5–12 years | 144 (25.6) | 348 (23.4) | |
≥12 years | 183 (32.6) | 589 (39.6) | |
Exercising | 0.4766 | ||
Improved | 307 (54.1) | 840 (55.9) | |
Not improved | 260 (45.9) | 663 (44.1) | |
Drinking habit | 0.5237 | ||
Improved | 365 (64.4) | 990 (65.9) | |
Not improved | 202 (35.6) | 513 (34.1) | |
Smoking habit * | 0.0179 | ||
Improved | 341 (60.1) | 988 (65.7) | |
Not improved | 226 (39.9) | 515 (34.3) | |
Diabetes | <0.0001 | ||
Maintained | 552 (97.4) | 1399 (93.1) | |
Improved | 7 (1.2) | 94 (6.3) | |
Not improved | 8 (1.4) | 10 (0.7) | |
Dyslipidemia | <0.0001 | ||
Maintained | 561 (98.9) | 1428 (95.0) | |
Improved | 3 (0.5) | 67 (4.5) | |
Not improved | 3 (0.5) | 8 (0.5) | |
BMI * | <0.0001 | ||
Normal | 58 (10.2) | 252 (16.8) | |
Improved | 186 (32.8) | 563 (37.5) | |
Maintained | 48 (8.5) | 102 (6.8) | |
Not improved | 275 (48.5) | 586 (39.0) | |
Waist circumference | <0.0001 | ||
Normal | 252 (44.4) | 870 (57.9) | |
Improved | 125 (22.1) | 280 (18.6) | |
Maintained | 37 (6.5) | 64(4.3) | |
Not improved | 153 (27.0) | 289(19.2) |
Variables | Before Adjustment | * After Adjustment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Age | |||||
≤20 s | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
30 s | 0.92 | 0.64–1.30 | 0.82 | 0.56–1.19 | |
40 s | 1.47 | 1.03–2.08 | 1.13 | 0.76–1.67 | |
≥50 s | 1.95 | 1.36–2.79 | 1.44 | 0.96–2.15 | |
Sex | |||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Female | 1.60 | 1.10–2.38 | 1.34 | 0.90–2.05 | |
Work period | |||||
2 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
5 years | 1.33 | 0.94–1.87 | 1.30 | 0.90–1.86 | |
12 years | 1.27 | 0.89–1.81 | 1.25 | 0.85–1.81 | |
12 years | 1.70 | 1.21–2.37 | 1.36 | 0.93–1.96 | |
Size of companies † | |||||
≥300 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
50–299 | 0.71 | 0.58–0.86 | 0.68 | 0.55–0.83 | |
Exercising | |||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Improved | 1.07 | 0.88–1.30 | 1.02 | 0.83–1.25 | |
Drinking | |||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Improved | 1.07 | 0.87–1.31 | 0.97 | 0.78–1.21 | |
Smoking | |||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Improved | 1.27 | 1.04–1.55 | 1.04 | 0.84–1.30 | |
Diabetes | |||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Improved | 10.74 | 3.25–37.32 | 4.55 | 2.21–11.03 | |
Maintained | 2.03 | 0.77–5.17 | 0.52 | 0.19–1.43 | |
Dyslipidemia | |||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Improved | 8.37 | 1.36–52.65 | 6.97 | 2.54–28.86 | |
Maintained | 0.96 | 0.21–3.31 | 0.98 | 0.26–4.69 | |
BMI | |||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Maintained | 1.00 | 0.69–1.46 | 0.89 | 0.60–1.32 | |
Improved | 1.42 | 1.14–1.77 | 1.35 | 1.06–1.72 | |
Maintained normal | 2.04 | 1.49–2.83 | 1.48 | 1.04–2.12 | |
Waist circumference | |||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Maintained | 0.92 | 0.59–1.45 | 0.84 | 0.52–1.34 | |
Improved | 1.19 | 0.89–1.58 | 1.10 | 0.80–1.52 | |
Maintained normal | 1.83 | 1.44–2.32 | 1.61 | 1.23–2.12 |
≥300 (N = 1145) | 50–299 (N = 925) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted * | Unadjusted | Adjusted * | |
Age | ||||
≤20 s | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
30 s | 1.16 (0.70–1.89) | 1.22 (0.73–2.00) | 0.63 (0.38–1.04) | 0.56 (0.33–0.93) |
40 s | 1.39 (0.84–2.25) | 1.33 (0.80–2.19) | 1.47 (0.88–2.42) | 1.24 (0.73–2.09) |
≥50 s | 1.55 (0.92–2.59) | 1.46 (0.85–2.50) | 2.45 (1.48–4.02) | 2.04 (1.19–3.47) |
Sex | ||||
Males | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Females | 1.18 (0.72–1.99) | 1.11 (0.67–1.94) | 2.31 (1.32–4.35) | 1.87 (1.02–3.65) |
Work period | ||||
<2 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2–5 years | 1.54 (0.85–2.73) | 1.58 (0.85–2.86) | 1.09 (0.70–1.67) | 1.21 (0.76–1.92) |
5–12 years | 1.03 (0.57–1.81) | 1.01 (0.54–1.83) | 1.45 (0.91–2.32) | 1.65 (0.99–2.76) |
≥12 years | 1.58 (0.89–2.73) | 1.43 (0.77–2.57) | 1.54 (0.99–2.41) | 1.37 (0.84–2.24) |
Exercising | ||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Improved | 1.06 (0.81–1.39) | 1.02 (0.77–1.35) | 1.09 (0.82–1.44) | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) |
Drinking | ||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Improved | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 1.40 (1.04–1.89) | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) |
Smoking | ||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Improved | 1.22 (0.92–1.61) | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 1.29 (0.97–1.71) | 0.90 (0.65–1.24) |
Diabetes | ||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Improved | <0.001(7.85)) | 3.62(1.25–15.37) | 22.80(5.41–116.02) | 5.16 (2.02–17.49) |
Maintained normal | <0.001(1.41) | >999.999(0.48) | 3.32(1.10–11.06) | 0.35 (0.10–1.14) |
Dyslipidemia | ||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Improved | 6.67 (0.24–184.72) | 13.35(2.83–238.69) | 13.50 (1.16–189.52) | 3.90 (1.09–24.96) |
Maintained normal | 0.50 (0.03–2.92) | 1.94 (0.31–37.42) | 2.13 (0.25–17.82) | 0.62 (0.07–5.70) |
BMI | ||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Maintained | 0.93 (0.56–1.58) | 0.85 (0.50–1.47) | 1.09 (0.64–1.88) | 0.94 (0.54–1.68) |
Improved | 1.35 (1.00–1.83) | 1.37 (0.99–1.91) | 1.48 (1.08–2.04) | 1.33 (0.93–1.91) |
Maintained normal | 2.07 (1.32–3.35) | 1.57 (0.96–2.64) | 2.06 (1.34–3.25) | 1.48 (0.91–2.46) |
Waist circumference | ||||
Not improved | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Maintained | 0.85 (0.47–1.60) | 0.85 (0.46–1.61) | 1.02 (0.52–2.01) | 0.80 (0.39–1.63) |
Improved | 0.95 (0.64–1.43) | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | 1.61 (1.06–2.44) | 1.48 (0.93–2.37) |
Maintained normal | 1.73 (1.24–2.40) | 1.51 (1.05–2.16) | 2.05 (1.43–2.92) | 1.41 (0.93–2.11) |
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Choi, W.S.; Lee, J.-W.; Lee, J.Y.; Kim, K.Y.; Myong, J.-P.; Lee, W.-C. The Effect of Special Medical Examination for Night Shift Workers and Follow-Up Management Against Hypertension. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050719
Choi WS, Lee J-W, Lee JY, Kim KY, Myong J-P, Lee W-C. The Effect of Special Medical Examination for Night Shift Workers and Follow-Up Management Against Hypertension. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(5):719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050719
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Won Seon, Ji-Won Lee, Jae Yong Lee, Kyeong Yeon Kim, Jun-Pyo Myong, and Won-Chul Lee. 2019. "The Effect of Special Medical Examination for Night Shift Workers and Follow-Up Management Against Hypertension" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5: 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050719