Effect of Generational Status on Child Well-Being: Mediating Effects of Social Support and Residential Instability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Sample, and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Frequency (Percentage %) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (N = 4807) | By Generational Status | ||||
1.75-Generation (n = 818) | Second-Generation (n = 531) | Third-or-Higher-Generation (n = 3458) | |||
Gender | 0.14 | ||||
Male | 2130 (44.1) | 302 (34.7) | 218 (40.1) | 1610 (44.4) | |
Female | 2009 (44.0) | 321 (40.4) | 210 (39.2) | 1478 (44.2) | |
Missing | 668 (11.9) | 195 (24.9) | 103 (20.8) | 370 (11.4) | |
Age [mean (SD)] | 7.47 (2.86) | 6.59 (2.35) | 6.69 (2.67) | 7.50 (2.87) | 0.03 |
Age range | 3–19 | 3–15 | 3–16 | 3–19 | |
No. of siblings | <0.001 | ||||
None | 2432 (45.2) | 488 (59.9) | 297 (58.3) | 1647 (44.6) | |
One | 1902 (42.6) | 245 (30.1) | 198 (34.2) | 1459 (43.0) | |
Two or more | 473 (12.2) | 85 (10.0) | 36 (7.5) | 352 (12.4) | |
Unemployed parent(s) | 387 (8.1) | 75 (9.2) | 63 (11.9) | 249 (7.2) | 0.001 |
Living with parents | 4643 (97.2) | 768 (94.4) | 517 (97.8) | 3358 (97.2) | 0.002 |
Frequency of moving home in the previous year [mean (SD)] | 0.16 (0.48) | 0.21 (0.48) | 0.17 (0.45) | 0.16 (0.48) | 0.002 |
Average commute time needed to travel between home and school (one-way) (min) [mean (SD)] | 34.32 (28.89) | 59.08 (43.30) | 37.33 (33.26) | 28.01 (27.93) | <0.001 |
Measure | Number of Items | Cronbach’s Alpha | Mean (SD) | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (N = 4807) | By Generational Status | ||||||
1.75-Generation (n = 818) | Second-Generation (n = 531) | Third-or-Higher-Generation (n = 3458) | |||||
Child health-related quality of life (HRQoL) | 23 | 0.92 | 77.40 (15.18) | 74.26 (16.88) | 75.15 (16.51) | 77.51 (15.10) | 0.063 |
Physical functioning | 8 | 0.87 | 82.83 (18.48) | 77.34 (21.47) | 78.91 (22.09) | 83.02 (18.32) | <0.001 |
Emotional functioning | 5 | 0.83 | 76.09 (18.61) | 75.84 (17.53) | 75.22 (18.06) | 76.11 (18.64) | 0.307 |
Social functioning | 5 | 0.80 | 78.49 (20.43) | 74.83 (21.40) | 76.51 (20.06) | 78.61 (20.41) | 0.276 |
School functioning | 5 | 0.78 | 68.87 (19.76) | 67.08 (19.95) | 66.79 (19.88) | 68.95 (19.75) | 0.694 |
Good communication with peers and teachers | 3 | 0.68 | 10.23 (1.73) | 10.29 (1.70) | 10.28 (1.61) | 10.22 (1.73) | 0.072 |
Social support | 12 | 0.95 | 64.69 (13.58) | 66.37 (12.27) | 64.56 (12.98) | 64.65 (13.61) | <0.001 |
Family | 4 | 0.93 | 22.70 (4.74) | 23.32 (4.31) | 22.46 (4.57) | 22.69 (4.76) | 0.01 |
Friends | 4 | 0.94 | 20.83 (5.28) | 21.27 (4.66) | 20.73 (4.94) | 20.82 (5.30) | <0.001 |
Significant other | 4 | 0.91 | 21.17 (5.18) | 21.65 (4.67) | 21.43 (4.75) | 21.16 (5.20) | <0.001 |
Variable | B (Crude) | p-Value | β [95% Confidence Interval] | β (Adjusted) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Generational status a | −0.03 * | 0.02 | −0.28 [−1.46, 0.898] | −0.01 | 0.64 |
Gender b | 0.03 | 0.08 | −0.19 [−1.07, 0.87] | −0.003 | 0.84 |
Age (year) | 0.05 ** | 0.003 | 0.46 [0.29, 0.63] | 0.09 | <0.001 |
No. of siblings | 0.08 *** | <0.001 | 1.81 [1.08, 2.54] | 0.08 | <0.001 |
Unemployed parent(s) c | −0.07 *** | <0.001 | −2.85 [−4.67, −1.03] | −0.05 | 0.002 |
No. of times moved home in the previous year | −0.03 * | 0.03 | −0.63 [−1.74, 0.47] | −0.02 | 0.26 |
Time needed to travel from home to school (one-way, in minute) | −0.08 *** | <0.001 | −0.03 [−0.04, −0.01] | −0.05 | 0.001 |
Good communication | 0.32 *** | <0.001 | 2.74 [2/42, 3.05] | 0.30 | <0.001 |
Social support | 0.19 *** | <0.001 | 0.10 [0.05, 0.14] | 0.08 | <0.001 |
R2 | 0.135 | 0.135 | |||
F for change in R2 | 58.673 | 58.673 | |||
p-Value | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Outcome Variable | Exogenous Variables | Effects | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | Indirect | Total | ||
Child HRQoL | ||||
Social Support | 0.20 *** | – | – | |
Time travel to school | −0.07 *** | – | – | |
Frequency of moving home in previous year | −0.02 | – | – | |
Generational status a | −0.03 | – | – | |
Time travel to school | ||||
Generational status a | 0.24 *** | – | – | |
Frequency of moving home in previous year | 0.10 *** | – | – | |
Social Support | ||||
Generational status a | 0.07 *** | – | – | |
Frequency of moving home in previous year | −0.02 | – | – | |
Generational status | ||||
Frequency of moving home in previous year | 0.05 ** | – | – | |
Child HRQoL | ||||
Generational status a | −0.03 | – | −0.03 *** | |
Via Social Support | − | 0.01 *** | – | |
Via Time travel to school | − | −0.02 *** | – |
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Chan, K.L.; Lo, R. Effect of Generational Status on Child Well-Being: Mediating Effects of Social Support and Residential Instability. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030435
Chan KL, Lo R. Effect of Generational Status on Child Well-Being: Mediating Effects of Social Support and Residential Instability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(3):435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030435
Chicago/Turabian StyleChan, Ko Ling, and Ruby Lo. 2019. "Effect of Generational Status on Child Well-Being: Mediating Effects of Social Support and Residential Instability" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3: 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030435