The Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Marathons in China from 2010 to 2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Literature Review
1.3. Research Purpose
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Research Methods
2.2.1. Average Nearest Neighbor Index
2.2.2. Spatial Autocorrelation (Global Moran’s I)
2.2.3. Kernel Density Analysis
2.2.4. Hot Spot Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Marathons in China
3.2. Kernel Density Analysis of Marathons in China
3.3. Hot Spot Analysis of China Marathons
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis of the Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Marathons in China
4.2. Development Characteristics of China Marathon at Various Stages
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Events | City | Number of Events | City |
---|---|---|---|
12 | Beijing | 8 | Wuxi/Wuhan/Chongqing |
10 | Nanjing | 7 | Shanghai |
9 | Chengdu/Suzhou/Zhengzhou | 6 | Hangzhou/Kunming/Qingdao, Shenzhen |
4 province tiers by the number of marathons | |||
T-1 | Jiangsu | ||
T-2 | Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Sichuan, Yunnan | ||
T-3 | Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Guangzhou, Fujian, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Guizhou | ||
T-4 | Xinjiang, Tibet, Ningxia, Liaoning |
Year | ANND (km) | Nearest Neighbor Ratio | Z Score | p Value | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 345.92 | 1.164714 | 1.336896 | 0.181257 | Random |
2015 | 66.60 | 0.502146 | −10.817515 | 0.0000 | Clustered |
2018 | 61.28 | 0.531149 | −16.587427 | 0.0000 | Clustered |
Year | Moran’s I index | Z-Value | p Value | Z-Value Test Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | −0.010165 | −0.541599 | 0.588095 | non-significant |
2015 | 0.066267 | 5.488973 | 0.000000 | 0.99 |
2018 | 0.083485 | 6.126412 | 0.000000 | 0.99 |
Years | Hot Spot 99% Confidence | Hot Spot 95% Confidence | Hot Spot 90% Confidence | Cold Spot 90% Confidence | Cold Spot 95% Confidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Liaoning | Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei | Chongqing | ||
2018 | Anhui | Jiangxi, Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang | Shaanxi, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei | Tibet |
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Zuo, Y.; Zou, L.; Zhang, M.; Smith, L.; Yang, L.; Loprinzi, P.D.; Ren, Z. The Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Marathons in China from 2010 to 2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 5046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245046
Zuo Y, Zou L, Zhang M, Smith L, Yang L, Loprinzi PD, Ren Z. The Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Marathons in China from 2010 to 2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):5046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245046
Chicago/Turabian StyleZuo, Yifan, Liye Zou, Mu Zhang, Lee Smith, Lin Yang, Paul D. Loprinzi, and Zhanbing Ren. 2019. "The Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Marathons in China from 2010 to 2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 5046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245046