Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Purpose of this Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area Description
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
2.3. Health Risk Assessment
2.4. Monte Carlo Simulation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Concentration of Fluoride in Tea
3.2. Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Location | Tea Type | Brands | Sample | Time | Fluoride Concentration (mg/L) | SD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Number | Year | Mean | Min | Max | ||||
[23] | Tehran-Iran | Tea Bag | 15 | 2008 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.44 | 0.01 | |
[26] | Tehran-Iran | Tea Bag | 6 | 36 | 2010 | 2.02 | 0.7 | 3.27 | 1.06 |
[27] | Qom-Iran | Tea Bag | 4 | 2012 | 1.28 | 1.11 | 1.44 | ||
[28] | Tehran-Iran | Tea Bag | 10 | 2006 | 1.63 | 0.53 | 2.6 | 0.16 | |
[17] | Hamadan-Iran | Tea Bag | 22 | 2012 | 1.139 | 0.48 | 2.3 |
Parameters | Symbol | Men | Women | Children | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average contamination concentration | C | - | - | - | mg/L |
Intake rate | IR | 2 | 2 | 1 | liter/day |
Exposure frequency | EF | 365 | 365 | 365 | day |
Exposure duration | ED | 40 | 40 | 6 | a/life time |
Body weight | BW | 78 | 65 | 14.5 | kg |
Average time | AT | 14,600 | 14,600 | 2190 | days |
Reference | Con. (Max) | CDI | THQ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Children | Men | Women | Children | ||
[23] | 0.36 | 9.23 × 10−3 | 2.84 × 10−4 | 1.96 × 10−5 | 0.154 | 4.73 × 10−3 | 3.26 × 10−4 |
[26] | 2.63 | 6.74 × 10−2 | 2.07 × 10−3 | 1.43 × 10−4 | 1.12 | 3.46 × 10−2 | 2.39 × 10−3 |
[27] | 1.36 | 3.49 × 10−2 | 1.07 × 10−3 | 7.40 × 10−5 | 0.581 | 1.79 × 10−2 | 1.23 × 10−3 |
[28] | 2.09 | 5.36 × 10−2 | 1.65 × 10−3 | 1.14 × 10−4 | 0.893 | 2.75 × 10−2 | 1.90 × 10−3 |
[17] | 1.8 | 4.62 × 10−2 | 1.42 × 10−3 | 9.79 × 10−5 | 0.769 | 2.37 × 10−2 | 1.63 × 10−3 |
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Karami, M.A.; Fakhri, Y.; Rezania, S.; Alinejad, A.A.; Mohammadi, A.A.; Yousefi, M.; Ghaderpoori, M.; Saghi, M.H.; Ahmadpour, M. Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214261
Karami MA, Fakhri Y, Rezania S, Alinejad AA, Mohammadi AA, Yousefi M, Ghaderpoori M, Saghi MH, Ahmadpour M. Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214261
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarami, Mohammad Amin, Yadollah Fakhri, Shahabaldin Rezania, Abdol Azim Alinejad, Ali Akbar Mohammadi, Mahmood Yousefi, Mansour Ghaderpoori, Mohammad Hossien Saghi, and Mohammad Ahmadpour. 2019. "Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment due to Fluoride Exposure from Tea Consumption in Iran Using Monte Carlo Simulation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214261