High-Intensity Interval Circuit Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Functional Ability and Body Mass Index in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Interventions
2.4. Outcomes
2.5. Sample Size and Power
2.6. Randomization and Blinding
2.7. Statistical methods
3. Results
3.1. Inter-group results
- In the ACT, HIICT was statistically better than MICT (dif = 6.6 rep, t = −3.905) and CG (dif = 9.3 rep, t = −2.986).
- In the 30-STS, HIICT was statistically better than CG (dif = 5.6 rep, t = −5.84) and MICT was also statistically better than CG (dif = 3.2 rep, t = −3.87).
- In the TUG, HIICT was statistically better than CG (dif = −0.78 sec, t = 4.03) and MICT was also statistically better than CG (dif = −0.23 sec, t = 4.244).
- In the 6MWT, HIICT was statistically better than CG (dif = 43 m, t = −3.631) and MICT was also statistically better than CG (dif = 55 m, t = −3.719).
- Regarding the BMI, HIICT was statistically better than CG (dif = −1.4 kg/m2, t = 3.58).
3.2. Intra-Group Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mesocycle | Group | Volume (min) | Work Effect (min) | Intensity (p) | Density (w/r) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mesocycle 1 (weeks 3–6) | HIICT | 18–32 (6–8 intervals) | 6–12 | W: 14–15 Börg R: 7–8 Börg | 0.5–1 |
MICT | 18–32 | 18–32 | 9–12 Börg | 1 | |
Mesocycle 2 (weeks 7–10) | HIICT | 32–40 (9–10 intervals) | 12–15 | W: 15–16 Börg R: 7–8 Börg | 0.5–0.6 |
MICT | 32–40 | 32–42 | 9–12 Börg | 1 | |
Mesocycle 3 (weeks 11–14) | HIICT | 40 (8–10 intervals) | 10–15 | W: 16–18 Börg R: 9–10 Börg | 0.6 |
MICT | 40 | 40 | 11–13 Börg | 1 | |
Mesocycle 4 (weeks 15–18) | HIICT | 28–40 (8–12 intervals) | 15–18 | W: 16–18 Börg R: 10–11 Börg | 0.6–0.75 |
MICT | 40–50 | 40–50 | 12–14 Börg | 1 |
Mesocycle | HIICT | MICT |
---|---|---|
Mesocycle 1 (weeks 3–6) | work: grapevine; squat; step-touch; side step; swinging | grapevine; squat; gait; step-touch; side step; mambo cha-cha-cha; swinging |
rest: gait; mambo cha-cha-cha | ||
Mesocycle 2 (weeks 7–10) | work: grapevine with shoulder and elbow flexion; step-touch with shoulder and elbow flexion; knee-up; chasse; squats with shoulder-up | grapevine with shoulder and elbow flexion; step-touch with shoulder and elbow flexion; gait; knee-up; chasse; squats with shoulder-up; jogging |
rest: gait; jogging | ||
Mesocycle 3 (weeks 11–14) | work: grapevine with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load; jumping jack; step-touch with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load; chasse with shoulder-up. | grapevine with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load; chasse; jogging; step-touch with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load; chasse with shoulder-up; walking |
rest: jogging; fast walking | ||
Mesocycle 4 (weeks 15–18) | work: jumping jack with external load; grapevine with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load; knee-up with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load; hamstring curl with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load | step-touch with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load; grapevine with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load; knee-up with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load; hamstring curl with shoulder and elbow flexion and external load; walking; hops |
rest: fast walking; hops |
Group | n | Mean | SD | Min | Max | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 67.4 | 5.71 | 59 | 75 | 0.370 |
MICT | 18 | 70 | 8.76 | 55 | 86 | |
HIICT | 18 | 66.3 | 5.44 | 57 | 76 | |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 31.2 | 4.89 | 20.9 | 38.4 | 0.689 |
MICT | 18 | 30.1 | 3.08 | 24.3 | 35.9 | |
HIICT | 18 | 30.4 | 4.13 | 35.2 | 37.7 | |
Arm Curl Test (rep) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 20.6 | 2.96 | 17.5 | 28.0 | 0.102 |
MICT | 18 | 25.6 | 5.20 | 15.5 | 35.5 | |
HIICT | 18 | 28.9 | 5.17 | 18.5 | 40.0 | |
30 Sit-To-Stand (rep) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 16.8 | 2.90 | 11 | 22 | 0.140 |
MICT | 18 | 13.7 | 3.38 | 6 | 18 | |
HIICT | 18 | 15.1 | 2.69 | 10 | 19 | |
Timed Up and Go test (s) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 5.89 | 0.74 | 4.94 | 7.46 | 0.070 |
MICT | 18 | 6.40 | 1.23 | 4.73 | 9.30 | |
HIICT | 18 | 6.08 | 1.31 | 4.51 | 9.30 | |
6-Minute Walking Test (m) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 510 | 59.0 | 410 | 590 | 0.135 |
MICT | 18 | 502 | 72.3 | 355 | 636 | |
HIICT | 18 | 564 | 41.0 | 455 | 625 | |
One Leg Stand test with right leg (s) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 19.6 | 9.09 | 5.89 | 30 | <0.001 |
MICT | 18 | 21.6 | 11.20 | 3.00 | 30 | |
HIICT | 18 | 26.9 | 7.75 | 2.00 | 30 | |
One Leg Stand test with left leg (s) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 15.1 | 9.10 | 1.98 | 30 | <0.001 |
MICT | 18 | 19.9 | 10.00 | 2.00 | 30 | |
HIICT | 18 | 27.4 | 6.87 | 2.00 | 30 | |
Right Handgrip Strength (kg) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 23.0 | 4.21 | 16.0 | 31.0 | 0.345 |
MICT | 18 | 23.6 | 5.10 | 16.0 | 36.0 | |
HIICT | 18 | 25.8 | 3.77 | 20.0 | 34.5 | |
Left Handgrip Strength (kg) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 21.4 | 4.06 | 14.0 | 29.0 | 0.904 |
MICT | 18 | 22.3 | 4.01 | 16.5 | 31.0 | |
HIICT | 18 | 25.0 | 3.49 | 20.0 | 32.5 | |
Heart Rate during 6-Minute Walking Test (bpm) | ||||||
CG | 18 | 34.9 | 14.8 | 15 | 57 | 0.684 |
MICT | 18 | 26.7 | 14.7 | 5 | 59 | |
HIICT | 18 | 34.8 | 17.1 | −15 | 65 |
Group | Increment | ANCOVA Interactions (F, p, ES η²) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (ITT) | n (Treated) | Mean | SD | Training × Group | Training × Baseline | Training × Age | |||||||
F | p | ES η² | F | p | ES η² | F | p | ES η² | |||||
Arm Curl Test (rep) | |||||||||||||
CG | 18 | 12 | 1.80 | −0.10 | 8.1 | 8.99 × 10−4 2,3 | 0.192 | 18.3 | 8.51 × 10−5 | 0.217 | 9.85 × 10−3 | 0.921 | 0.000 |
MICT | 18 | 12 | −0.50 | −1.14 | |||||||||
HIICT | 18 | 17 | 2.80 | 0.28 | |||||||||
30 Sit-To-Stand (rep) | |||||||||||||
CG | 18 | 12 | −1.90 | −0.05 | 17.42 | 1.81 × 10−6 1,2 | 0.381 | 6.54 | 1.36 × 10−2 | 0.072 | 0.353 | 0.555 | 0.004 |
MICT | 18 | 12 | 3.80 | 1.47 | |||||||||
HIICT | 18 | 17 | 5.60 | 0.47 | |||||||||
Timed Up and Go Test (s) | |||||||||||||
CG | 18 | 12 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 11.41 | 8.30 × 10−5 1,2 | 0.281 | 8.45 | 5.42 × 10−3 | 0.104 | 0.274 | 0.603 | 0.004 |
MICT | 18 | 12 | −0.87 | 0.05 | |||||||||
HIICT | 18 | 17 | −0.78 | −0.51 | |||||||||
6-Minute Walking Test (m) | |||||||||||||
CG | 18 | 12 | −16 | −9.50 | 9.34 | 3.57 × 10−4 1,2 | 0.256 | 4.42 | 4.05 × 10−2 | 0.060 | 0.274 | 0.603 | 0.004 |
MICT | 18 | 12 | 43 | 0.30 | |||||||||
HIICT | 18 | 17 | 36 | 33.9 | |||||||||
One Leg Stand Test with Right Leg (s) | |||||||||||||
CG | 18 | 12 | 1.70 | 1.91 | 2.38 | 0.102 | 0.086 | 4.03 | 0.050 | 0.07 | 2.48 | 0.122 | 0.044 |
MICT | 18 | 12 | 1.10 | −1.32 | |||||||||
HIICT | 18 | 17 | −1.60 | 1.12 | |||||||||
One Leg Stand Test with Left Leg (s) | |||||||||||||
CG | 18 | 12 | −3.40 | 1.80 | 1.9 | 0.160 | 0.069 | 4.07 | 0.049 | 0.067 | 0.017 | 0.895 | 0.000 |
MICT | 18 | 12 | 0.90 | 1.00 | |||||||||
HIICT | 18 | 17 | −2.60 | 1.87 |
Group | n (ITT) | n (Treated) | Increment | ANCOVA Interactions (F, p, ES η²) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Training × Group | Training × Baseline | Training × Age | |||||||||
F | p | ES η² | F | p | ES η² | F | p | ES η² | |||||
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | |||||||||||||
CG | 18 | 12 | 0.30 | −0.05 | 6.99 | 0.002 2 | 0.215 | 3.02 | 0.088 | 0.046 | 0.217 | 0.643 | 0.003 |
MICT | 18 | 12 | −0.10 | 1.47 | |||||||||
HIICT | 18 | 17 | −0.30 | 0.47 | |||||||||
Right Handgrip Strength (kg) | |||||||||||||
CG | 18 | 12 | 0.60 | −0.86 | 0.881 | 0.420 | 0.033 | 9.72 | 3.02 × 10−3 | 0.155 | 1.45 | 0.233 | 0.028 |
MICT | 18 | 12 | −0.40 | 0.49 | |||||||||
HIICT | 18 | 17 | 0.60 | −0.68 | |||||||||
Left Handgrip Strength (kg) | |||||||||||||
CG | 18 | 12 | 0.90 | 0.04 | 1.46 | 0.243 | 0.054 | 1.39 | 0.244 | 0.026 | 1.13 | 0.293 | 0.021 |
MICT | 18 | 12 | −0.20 | 0.74 | |||||||||
HIICT | 18 | 17 | 0.60 | 0.87 | |||||||||
Heart Rate during 6-Minute Walking Test (bpm) | |||||||||||||
CG | 18 | 12 | −3 | −9.50 | 1 | 0.375 | 0.038 | 13.39 | 6.08 × 10−4 | 0.197 | 1.74 | 0.193 | 0.032 |
MICT | 18 | 12 | 2 | 0.30 | |||||||||
HIICT | 18 | 17 | 6 | 33.90 |
Group | Pre-Training | Post-Training | p | 95% CI for MD | Cohen’s d | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | Lower | Upper | |||
Arm Curl Test (rep) | ||||||||||
CG | 18 | 20.6 | 2.96 | 12 | 22.4 | 2.86 | 2.04 × 10−4 | −2.61 | −0.99 | 0.57 |
MICT | 18 | 25.6 | 5.20 | 12 | 25.1 | 4.06 | 0.575 | −1.34 | 2.34 | 0.09 |
HIICT | 18 | 28.9 | 5.17 | 17 | 31.7 | 5.45 | 0.022 | −5.09 | −0.45 | 0.52 |
30 Sit-To-Stand (rep) | ||||||||||
CG | 18 | 16.8 | 2.90 | 12 | 14.9 | 2.85 | 1.40 × 10−4 | 1.07 | 2.70 | 0.61 |
MICT | 18 | 13.7 | 3.38 | 12 | 17.5 | 4.85 | 3.20 × 10−4 | −5.65 | −2.01 | 1.05 |
HIICT | 18 | 15.1 | 2.69 | 17 | 20.7 | 3.16 | 1.00 × 10−6 | −7.13 | −4.08 | 1.98 |
Timed Up and Go Test (s) | ||||||||||
CG | 18 | 5.89 | 0.74 | 12 | 6.25 | 0.89 | 0.016 | −0.64 | −0.07 | 0.46 |
MICT | 18 | 6.40 | 1.23 | 12 | 5.53 | 1.28 | 0.001 | 0.38 | 1.34 | 0.66 |
HIICT | 18 | 6.08 | 1.31 | 17 | 5.30 | 0.80 | 0.009 | 0.21 | 1.35 | 0.57 |
6-Minute Walking Test (m) | ||||||||||
CG | 18 | 510 | 59.0 | 12 | 494 | 49.5 | 0.058 | −0.60 | 33.39 | 0.25 |
MICT | 18 | 502 | 72.3 | 12 | 545 | 72.6 | 3.09 × 10−4 | −61.94 | −22.46 | 0.55 |
HIICT | 18 | 564 | 41.0 | 17 | 600 | 74.9 | 0.036 | −8.65 | −2.57 | 0.84 |
One Leg Stand Test with Right Leg (s) | ||||||||||
CG | 18 | 19.6 | 9.09 | 12 | 21.3 | 11.00 | 0.233 | −4.57 | 1.19 | 0.17 |
MICT | 18 | 21.6 | 11.20 | 12 | 22.7 | 9.88 | 0.237 | −3.06 | 0.81 | 0.99 |
HIICT | 18 | 26.9 | 7.75 | 17 | 25.3 | 8.87 | 0.024 | 0.24 | 3.10 | 0.20 |
One Leg Stand Test with Left Leg (s) | ||||||||||
CG | 18 | 15.1 | 9.1 | 12 | 11.7 | 10.90 | 0.129 | −1.08 | 7.79 | 0.35 |
MICT | 18 | 19.9 | 10.0 | 12 | 20.80 | 11.00 | 0.486 | −3.54 | 1.75 | 0.08 |
HIICT | 18 | 27.4 | 6.87 | 17 | 24.80 | 8.74 | 0.124 | −0.80 | 6.05 | 0.36 |
Group | Pre-Training | Post-Training | p | 95% CI for MD | Cohen’s d | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | Lower | Upper | |||
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
CG | 18 | 31.2 | 4.89 | 12 | 31.5 | 5.05 | 0.019 | −0.52 | −0.53 | 0.06 |
MICT | 18 | 30.1 | 3.08 | 12 | 30.0 | 3.15 | 0.140 | −0.02 | 0.29 | 0.03 |
HIICT | 18 | 30.4 | 4.13 | 17 | 30.1 | 4.24 | 0.035 | 0.02 | 0.60 | 0.07 |
Right Handgrip Strength (kg) | ||||||||||
CG | 18 | 23.0 | 4.21 | 12 | 23.6 | 3.35 | 0.155 | −1.54 | 0.26 | 0.13 |
MICT | 18 | 23.6 | 5.1 | 12 | 23.2 | 5.59 | 0.650 | −1.38 | 2.16 | 0.07 |
HIICT | 18 | 25.8 | 3.77 | 17 | 26.4 | 3.09 | 0.397 | −1.80 | 0.75 | 0.15 |
Left Handgrip Strength (kg) | ||||||||||
CG | 18 | 21.4 | 4.06 | 12 | 22.3 | 4.10 | 0.219 | −2.28 | 0.56 | 0.21 |
MICT | 18 | 22.3 | 4.01 | 12 | 22.1 | 4.75 | 0.656 | −0.91 | 1.41 | 0.05 |
HIICT | 18 | 25 | 3.49 | 17 | 25.6 | 4.36 | 0.229 | −1.64 | 0.42 | 0.16 |
Heart Rate during 6-Minute Walking Test (bpm) | ||||||||||
CG | 18 | 34.90 | 14.80 | 12 | 31.7 | 12.30 | 0.303 | −3.179 | 9.624 | 0.21 |
MICT | 18 | 26.70 | 14.70 | 12 | 28.7 | 12.30 | 0.565 | −9.184 | 5.184 | 0.13 |
HIICT | 18 | 34.80 | 17.10 | 17 | 40.6 | 14.20 | 0.137 | −13.582 | 2.027 | 0.32 |
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Share and Cite
Ballesta-García, I.; Martínez-González-Moro, I.; Rubio-Arias, J.Á.; Carrasco-Poyatos, M. High-Intensity Interval Circuit Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Functional Ability and Body Mass Index in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214205
Ballesta-García I, Martínez-González-Moro I, Rubio-Arias JÁ, Carrasco-Poyatos M. High-Intensity Interval Circuit Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Functional Ability and Body Mass Index in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214205
Chicago/Turabian StyleBallesta-García, Ismael, Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro, Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias, and María Carrasco-Poyatos. 2019. "High-Intensity Interval Circuit Training Versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Functional Ability and Body Mass Index in Middle-Aged and Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214205