Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Ex-Smokers | Smokers | All Subjects | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 39) | (N = 101) | (N = 140) | ||
Age (years) | 58/66/76 65+/−13 | 39/51/61 51+/−15 | 41/56/67 55+/−15 | <0.001 |
Gender: M | 72% (28) | 66% (67) | 68% (95) | 0.5 |
Pack-years | 20/35/44 34+/−17 | 15/23/40 28+/−19 | 15/25/40 30+/−19 | 0.01 |
Start age (years) | 17/20/22 20+/−5 | 18/20/23 21+/−5 | 18/20/23 21+/−5 | 0.3 |
Passive smoke exposure | 54% (21) | 78% (79) | 71% (100) | 0.004 |
Smoke exposure at work | 36% (14) | 36% (36) | 36% (50) | 1 |
No. of smoking relatives | 0.8/1.0/2.0 1.2+/−1.0 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.2+/−0.7 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.2+/−0.7 | 0.9 |
No. of smoking cohabitants | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.8+/−0.8 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.7+/−0.6 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.8+/−0.6 | 1 |
No. of smoking coworkers | 0/1/3 1+/−2 | 0/1/3 1+/−2 | 0/1/3 1+/−2 | 0.9 |
Previous quit attempts | 82% (32) | 59% (60) | 66% (92) | 0.01 |
Any smoking relative (%): At least one | 38% (15) | 67% (68) | 59% (83) | 0.002 |
None | 62% (24) | 33% (33) | 41% (57) | |
Any smoking cohabitant (%): At least one | 31% (12) | 49% (49) | 44% (61) | 0.06 |
None | 69% (27) | 51% (52) | 56% (79) | |
Pharmacological help | 42% (14) | 35% (21) | 38% (35) | 0.5 |
Education: | 18% (7) | 25% (25) | 23% (32) | 0.8 |
high school graduation | ||||
primary school | 3% (1) | 2% (2) | 2% (3) | |
university degree | 23% (9) | 25% (25) | 24% (34) | |
secondary school | 56% (22) | 49% (49) | 51% (71) | |
Eating in-between-meal snacks (%) | 15% (6) | 33% (33) | 28% (39) | 0.04 |
No. of coffees per day: | ||||
less than three | 85% (33) | 50% (50) | 59% (83) | <0.001 |
more than three | 15% (6) | 50% (51) | 41% (57) | |
LAC | 15% (6) | 29% (29) | 25% (35) | 0.1 |
No. of times/week doing physical activity | 0.6+/−1.6 | 0.8+/−1.5 | 0.7+/−1.5 | 0.3 |
Total hours of activity: At least one | 18% (7) | 27% (27) | 24% (34) | 0.3 |
Allergies | 21% (8) | 19% (19) | 20% (27) | 0.8 |
Ischemic heart disease | 9% (3) | 7% (7) | 7% (10) | 0.8 |
Hypertension | 44% (16) | 37% (37) | 39% (53) | 0.5 |
Diabetes mellitus | 20% (7) | 13% (13) | 15% (20) | 0.3 |
Neoplasms | 17% (6) | 17% (17) | 17% (23) | 0.9 |
Diagnosis of COPD | 62% (24) | 33% (33) | 41% (57) | 0.002 |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 56/65/75 67+/−16 | 68/81/92 79+/−17 | 62/78/90 76+/−18 | <0.001 |
FVC (% predicted) | 89/ 98/108 98+/−13 | 92/102/111 102+/−12 | 90/101/110 101+/−13 | 0.2 |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 54/64/75 65+/−16 | 65/82/90 77+/−14 | 63/77/88 74+/−16 | <0.001 |
Diagnosis of asthma | 28% (11) | 29% (29) | 29% (40) | 1 |
Variable | No. of Previous Attempts | At Least One Previous Attempt | Combined | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 41) | (N = 60) | (N = 101) | ||
Age (years) | 47/59/68 57+/−15 | 39/44/56 48+/−13 | 39/51/61 51+/−15 | 0.03 |
Gender: M | 76% (31) | 60% (36) | 66% (67) | 0.1 |
Pack-years | 20/30/47 37+/−24 | 11/19/30 22+/−12 | 15/23/40 28+/−19 | <0.001 |
Start age (years) | 18/20/22 21+/−4 | 20/20/25 22+/−5 | 18/20/23 21+/−5 | 0.3 |
Passive smoke exposure | 71% (29) | 83% (50) | 78% (79) | 0.1 |
Smoke exposure at work | 39% (16) | 33% (20) | 36% (36) | 0.6 |
No. of smoking relatives | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.2+/−0.7 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.3+/−0.6 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.2+/−0.7 | 0.5 |
No. of smoking cohabitants | 0.2/1.0/1.0 0.7+/−0.5 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.7+/−0.6 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.7+/−0.6 | 0.8 |
No. of smoking coworkers | 0/2/3 2+/−2 | 0/1/3 1+/−1 | 0/1/3 1+/−2 | 0.6 |
Any smoking relative (%): At least one | 59% (24) | 73% (44) | 67% (68) | 0.1 |
Any smoking cohabitant (%): At least one | 46% (19) | 50% (30) | 49% (49) | 0.7 |
Pharmacological support | 0% (0) | 36% (21) | 35% (21) | 0.3 |
Education: | ||||
high school graduation | 20% (8) | 28% (17) | 25% (25) | 0.7 |
primary school | 2% (1) | 2% (1) | 2% (2) | |
university degree | 24% (10) | 25% (15) | 25% (25) | |
secondary school | 54% (22) | 45% (27) | 49% (49) | |
Eating in-between-meal snacks (%) | 44% (18) | 25% (15) | 33% (33) | 0.05 |
No. of coffees per day: | ||||
More than three | 34% (14) | 62% (37) | 50% (51) | 0.07 |
Alcoholic drink | ||||
No LAC | 34% (14) | 15% (9) | 23% (23) | 0.02 |
No. of times/week doing physical activity | 0.0/0.0/0.0 0.6+/−1.4 | 0.0/0.0/2.0 0.9+/−1.6 | 0.0/0.0/1.0 0.8+/−1.5 | 0.1 |
Total hours of activity: At least one | 17% (7) | 33% (20) | 27% (27) | 0.07 |
Diagnosis of COPD | 41% (17) | 27% (16) | 33% (33) | 0.1 |
Diagnosis of asthma | 15% (6) | 38% (23) | 29% (29) | 0.01 |
Variable | Monovariable Logistic Regression | Multivariable Logistic Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR 95% CI | p-Value | OR 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age (years) | 0.96 (0.93; 0.99) | 0.004 | 0.97 (0.92; 1.02) | 0.226 |
Gender M | 0.48 (0.19; 1.14) | 0.106 | - | - |
Pack-years | 0.95 (0.92; 0.98) | 0.001 | 0.97 (0.93; 1) | 0.088 |
Passive smoke exposure: Y | 2.07 (0.8; 5.49) | 0.136 | - | - |
Start age (years) | 1.04 (0.95; 1.14) | 0.396 | - | - |
Smoke exposure at work: Y | 0.78 (0.34; 1.79) | 0.558 | - | - |
No. of smoking colleagues | 0.91 (0.66; 1.24) | 0.529 | - | - |
Education: primary school | 0.47 (0.02; 12.92) | 0.61 | - | - |
university degree | 0.71 (0.22; 2.25) | 0.556 | - | - |
secondary school | 0.58 (0.2; 1.56) | 0.287 | - | - |
No. of smoking relatives | 1.3 (0.64; 2.81) | 0.476 | - | - |
Any smoking relative (%): None | 0.51 (0.22; 1.19) | 0.122 | - | - |
No. of smoking cohabitants | 1.03 (0.44; 2.42) | 0.953 | - | - |
Any smoking cohabitant (%): None | 0.86 (0.39; 1.91) | 0.718 | - | - |
Snacks (%) Y | 0.43 (0.18; 0.99) | 0.049 | 0.18 (0.05; 0.54) | 0.004 |
No LAC | 0.34 (0.13; 0.88) | 0.028 | 0.34 (0.1; 1.04) | 0.063 |
No. of times/week doing physical activity | 1.17 (0.89; 1.6) | 0.286 | - | - |
Physical activity: None | 0.41 (0.15; 1.05) | 0.074 | - | - |
Respiratory diagnosis: Asthma | 3.63 (1.39; 10.77) | 0.012 | - | - |
Respiratory diagnosis: COPD | 0.51 (0.22; 1.19) | 0.122 | - | - |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 1 (0.98; 1.03) | 0.771 | - | - |
FVC (% predicted) | 0.99 (0.95; 1.02) | 0.483 | - | - |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 1.02 (0.99; 1.05) | 0.171 | - | - |
Variable | Successful Quitters | Unsuccessful | Combined | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 59/66/75 65+/−13 | 39/44/56 48+/−13 | 40/53/66 54+/−15 | <0.001 |
Gender: M | 72% (23) | 60% (36) | 64% (59) | 0.3 |
Pack-year | 21/34/43 33+/−15 | 11/19/30 22+/−12 | 14/24/36 26+/−14 | <0.001 |
Start age (years) | 18/20/21 20+/−5 | 20/20/25 22+/−5 | 18/20/24 21+/−5 | 0.2 |
Passive smoke exposure | 59% (19) | 83% (50) | 75% (69) | 0.01 |
Smoke exposure on work | 38% (12) | 33% (20) | 35% (32) | 0.7 |
No. of smoking relatives | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.3+/−1.0 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.3+/−0.6 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.3+/−0.7 | 0.9 |
No. of smoking cohabitants | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.8+/−0.9 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.7+/−0.6 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.8+/−0.7 | 0.8 |
No. of smoking coworkers | 0/1/2 1+/−2 | 0/1/3 1+/−1 | 0/1/3 1+/−1 | 0.9 |
Any smoking relative (%): At least one | 44% (14) | 73% (44) | 63% (58) | 0.05 |
Any smoking cohabitant (%): At least one | 34% (11) | 50% (30) | 45% (41) | 0.2 |
Pharmacological support | 45% (14) | 36% (21) | 39% (35) | 0.4 |
Education: | ||||
high school graduation | 16% (5) | 28% (17) | 24% (22) | 0.5 |
primary school | 3% (1) | 2% (1) | 2% (2) | |
university degree | 22% (7) | 25% (15) | 24% (22) | |
secondary school | 59% (19) | 45% (27) | 50% (46) | |
Eating in-between-meal snacks (%) | 16% (5) | 25% (15) | 22% (20) | 0.3 |
No. of coffees/day: | ||||
More than three | 16% (5) | 62% (37) | 46% (42) | <0.001 |
Alcoholic drink | ||||
No LAC | 9% (3) | 15% (9) | 13% (12) | 0.4 |
No. of times/week doing physical activity | 0.0/0.0/0.0 0.7+/−1.7 | 0.0/0.0/2.0 0.9+/−1.6 | 0.0/0.0/1.0 0.8+/−1.6 | 0.2 |
Total hours of activity: At least one | 19% (6) | 33% (20) | 28% (26) | 0.1 |
Diagnosis of COPD | 62% (20) | 27% (16) | 39% (36) | <0.001 |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 59/65/75 68+/−17 | 70/81/92 80+/−16 | 62/76/90 76+/−17 | 0.01 |
FVC (% predicted) | 89/ 98/109 98+/−13 | 89/102/110 101+/−12 | 89/100/110 100+/−12 | 0.5 |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 55/64/75 65+/−16 | 75/82/90 79+/−13 | 63/77/86 74+/−16 | <0.001 |
Diagnosis of asthma | 25% (8) | 38% (23) | 34% (31) | 0.2 |
Variable | Monovariable Logistic Regression | Multivariable Logistic Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR 95% CI | p-Value | OR 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age (years) | 0.91 (0.87; 0.95) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.87; 0.98) | 0.009 |
Gender M | 0.59 (0.22; 1.45) | 0.26 | - | - |
Pack-years | 0.94 (0.91; 0.97) | 0.001 | 0.99 (0.94; 1.05) | 0.745 |
Passive smoke exposure: Y | 3.42 (1.3; 9.33) | 0.014 | - | - |
Start age (years) | 1.05 (0.96; 1.16) | 0.27 | - | - |
Smoke exposure at work: Y | 0.83 (0.34; 2.07) | 0.69 | - | - |
No. of smoking colleagues | 0.98 (0.69; 1.42) | 0.916 | - | - |
Education: primary school | 0.29 (0.01; 8.33) | 0.415 | - | - |
university degree | 0.63 (0.16; 2.39) | 0.5 | - | - |
secondary school | 0.42 (0.12; 1.27) | 0.139 | - | - |
No. of smoking relatives | 0.91 (0.44; 1.95) | 0.806 | - | - |
Any smoking relative (%): None | 0.28 (0.11; 0.69) | 0.006 | 0.37 (0.1; 1.24) | 0.113 |
No. of smoking cohabitants | 0.83 (0.38; 1.83) | 0.63 | - | - |
Any smoking cohabitant (%): None | 0.52 (0.21; 1.26) | 0.153 | - | - |
Snacks (%) Y | 1.8 (0.62; 6.04) | 0.303 | - | - |
No. of coffees/day: more than three | 8.69 (3.14; 28.56) | <0.001 | 5.4 (1.58; 21.59) | 0.01 |
No LAC | 1.71 (0.47; 8.14) | 0.449 | - | - |
No. of times/week doing physical activity | 1.08 (0.83; 1.48) | 0.58 | - | - |
Respiratory diagnosis: Asthma | 1.86 (0.74; 5.06) | 0.201 | - | - |
Respiratory diagnosis: COPD | 0.22 (0.08; 0.54) | 0.001 | 0.84 (0.14; 5.6) | 0.855 |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 1.04 (1.01; 1.08) | 0.004 | 0.97 (0.89; 1.04) | 0.398 |
FVC (% predicted) | 1.02 (0.98; 1.06) | 0.368 | - | - |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 1.06 (1.03; 1.1) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.95; 1.14) | 0.462 |
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Radaeli, A.; Nardin, M.; Azzolina, D.; Malerba, M. Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214136
Radaeli A, Nardin M, Azzolina D, Malerba M. Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214136
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadaeli, Alessandro, Matteo Nardin, Danila Azzolina, and Mario Malerba. 2019. "Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214136
APA StyleRadaeli, A., Nardin, M., Azzolina, D., & Malerba, M. (2019). Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214136