Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Ex-Smokers | Smokers | All Subjects | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 39) | (N = 101) | (N = 140) | ||
Age (years) | 58/66/76 65+/−13 | 39/51/61 51+/−15 | 41/56/67 55+/−15 | <0.001 |
Gender: M | 72% (28) | 66% (67) | 68% (95) | 0.5 |
Pack-years | 20/35/44 34+/−17 | 15/23/40 28+/−19 | 15/25/40 30+/−19 | 0.01 |
Start age (years) | 17/20/22 20+/−5 | 18/20/23 21+/−5 | 18/20/23 21+/−5 | 0.3 |
Passive smoke exposure | 54% (21) | 78% (79) | 71% (100) | 0.004 |
Smoke exposure at work | 36% (14) | 36% (36) | 36% (50) | 1 |
No. of smoking relatives | 0.8/1.0/2.0 1.2+/−1.0 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.2+/−0.7 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.2+/−0.7 | 0.9 |
No. of smoking cohabitants | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.8+/−0.8 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.7+/−0.6 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.8+/−0.6 | 1 |
No. of smoking coworkers | 0/1/3 1+/−2 | 0/1/3 1+/−2 | 0/1/3 1+/−2 | 0.9 |
Previous quit attempts | 82% (32) | 59% (60) | 66% (92) | 0.01 |
Any smoking relative (%): At least one | 38% (15) | 67% (68) | 59% (83) | 0.002 |
None | 62% (24) | 33% (33) | 41% (57) | |
Any smoking cohabitant (%): At least one | 31% (12) | 49% (49) | 44% (61) | 0.06 |
None | 69% (27) | 51% (52) | 56% (79) | |
Pharmacological help | 42% (14) | 35% (21) | 38% (35) | 0.5 |
Education: | 18% (7) | 25% (25) | 23% (32) | 0.8 |
high school graduation | ||||
primary school | 3% (1) | 2% (2) | 2% (3) | |
university degree | 23% (9) | 25% (25) | 24% (34) | |
secondary school | 56% (22) | 49% (49) | 51% (71) | |
Eating in-between-meal snacks (%) | 15% (6) | 33% (33) | 28% (39) | 0.04 |
No. of coffees per day: | ||||
less than three | 85% (33) | 50% (50) | 59% (83) | <0.001 |
more than three | 15% (6) | 50% (51) | 41% (57) | |
LAC | 15% (6) | 29% (29) | 25% (35) | 0.1 |
No. of times/week doing physical activity | 0.6+/−1.6 | 0.8+/−1.5 | 0.7+/−1.5 | 0.3 |
Total hours of activity: At least one | 18% (7) | 27% (27) | 24% (34) | 0.3 |
Allergies | 21% (8) | 19% (19) | 20% (27) | 0.8 |
Ischemic heart disease | 9% (3) | 7% (7) | 7% (10) | 0.8 |
Hypertension | 44% (16) | 37% (37) | 39% (53) | 0.5 |
Diabetes mellitus | 20% (7) | 13% (13) | 15% (20) | 0.3 |
Neoplasms | 17% (6) | 17% (17) | 17% (23) | 0.9 |
Diagnosis of COPD | 62% (24) | 33% (33) | 41% (57) | 0.002 |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 56/65/75 67+/−16 | 68/81/92 79+/−17 | 62/78/90 76+/−18 | <0.001 |
FVC (% predicted) | 89/ 98/108 98+/−13 | 92/102/111 102+/−12 | 90/101/110 101+/−13 | 0.2 |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 54/64/75 65+/−16 | 65/82/90 77+/−14 | 63/77/88 74+/−16 | <0.001 |
Diagnosis of asthma | 28% (11) | 29% (29) | 29% (40) | 1 |
Variable | No. of Previous Attempts | At Least One Previous Attempt | Combined | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 41) | (N = 60) | (N = 101) | ||
Age (years) | 47/59/68 57+/−15 | 39/44/56 48+/−13 | 39/51/61 51+/−15 | 0.03 |
Gender: M | 76% (31) | 60% (36) | 66% (67) | 0.1 |
Pack-years | 20/30/47 37+/−24 | 11/19/30 22+/−12 | 15/23/40 28+/−19 | <0.001 |
Start age (years) | 18/20/22 21+/−4 | 20/20/25 22+/−5 | 18/20/23 21+/−5 | 0.3 |
Passive smoke exposure | 71% (29) | 83% (50) | 78% (79) | 0.1 |
Smoke exposure at work | 39% (16) | 33% (20) | 36% (36) | 0.6 |
No. of smoking relatives | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.2+/−0.7 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.3+/−0.6 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.2+/−0.7 | 0.5 |
No. of smoking cohabitants | 0.2/1.0/1.0 0.7+/−0.5 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.7+/−0.6 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.7+/−0.6 | 0.8 |
No. of smoking coworkers | 0/2/3 2+/−2 | 0/1/3 1+/−1 | 0/1/3 1+/−2 | 0.6 |
Any smoking relative (%): At least one | 59% (24) | 73% (44) | 67% (68) | 0.1 |
Any smoking cohabitant (%): At least one | 46% (19) | 50% (30) | 49% (49) | 0.7 |
Pharmacological support | 0% (0) | 36% (21) | 35% (21) | 0.3 |
Education: | ||||
high school graduation | 20% (8) | 28% (17) | 25% (25) | 0.7 |
primary school | 2% (1) | 2% (1) | 2% (2) | |
university degree | 24% (10) | 25% (15) | 25% (25) | |
secondary school | 54% (22) | 45% (27) | 49% (49) | |
Eating in-between-meal snacks (%) | 44% (18) | 25% (15) | 33% (33) | 0.05 |
No. of coffees per day: | ||||
More than three | 34% (14) | 62% (37) | 50% (51) | 0.07 |
Alcoholic drink | ||||
No LAC | 34% (14) | 15% (9) | 23% (23) | 0.02 |
No. of times/week doing physical activity | 0.0/0.0/0.0 0.6+/−1.4 | 0.0/0.0/2.0 0.9+/−1.6 | 0.0/0.0/1.0 0.8+/−1.5 | 0.1 |
Total hours of activity: At least one | 17% (7) | 33% (20) | 27% (27) | 0.07 |
Diagnosis of COPD | 41% (17) | 27% (16) | 33% (33) | 0.1 |
Diagnosis of asthma | 15% (6) | 38% (23) | 29% (29) | 0.01 |
Variable | Monovariable Logistic Regression | Multivariable Logistic Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR 95% CI | p-Value | OR 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age (years) | 0.96 (0.93; 0.99) | 0.004 | 0.97 (0.92; 1.02) | 0.226 |
Gender M | 0.48 (0.19; 1.14) | 0.106 | - | - |
Pack-years | 0.95 (0.92; 0.98) | 0.001 | 0.97 (0.93; 1) | 0.088 |
Passive smoke exposure: Y | 2.07 (0.8; 5.49) | 0.136 | - | - |
Start age (years) | 1.04 (0.95; 1.14) | 0.396 | - | - |
Smoke exposure at work: Y | 0.78 (0.34; 1.79) | 0.558 | - | - |
No. of smoking colleagues | 0.91 (0.66; 1.24) | 0.529 | - | - |
Education: primary school | 0.47 (0.02; 12.92) | 0.61 | - | - |
university degree | 0.71 (0.22; 2.25) | 0.556 | - | - |
secondary school | 0.58 (0.2; 1.56) | 0.287 | - | - |
No. of smoking relatives | 1.3 (0.64; 2.81) | 0.476 | - | - |
Any smoking relative (%): None | 0.51 (0.22; 1.19) | 0.122 | - | - |
No. of smoking cohabitants | 1.03 (0.44; 2.42) | 0.953 | - | - |
Any smoking cohabitant (%): None | 0.86 (0.39; 1.91) | 0.718 | - | - |
Snacks (%) Y | 0.43 (0.18; 0.99) | 0.049 | 0.18 (0.05; 0.54) | 0.004 |
No LAC | 0.34 (0.13; 0.88) | 0.028 | 0.34 (0.1; 1.04) | 0.063 |
No. of times/week doing physical activity | 1.17 (0.89; 1.6) | 0.286 | - | - |
Physical activity: None | 0.41 (0.15; 1.05) | 0.074 | - | - |
Respiratory diagnosis: Asthma | 3.63 (1.39; 10.77) | 0.012 | - | - |
Respiratory diagnosis: COPD | 0.51 (0.22; 1.19) | 0.122 | - | - |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 1 (0.98; 1.03) | 0.771 | - | - |
FVC (% predicted) | 0.99 (0.95; 1.02) | 0.483 | - | - |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 1.02 (0.99; 1.05) | 0.171 | - | - |
Variable | Successful Quitters | Unsuccessful | Combined | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 59/66/75 65+/−13 | 39/44/56 48+/−13 | 40/53/66 54+/−15 | <0.001 |
Gender: M | 72% (23) | 60% (36) | 64% (59) | 0.3 |
Pack-year | 21/34/43 33+/−15 | 11/19/30 22+/−12 | 14/24/36 26+/−14 | <0.001 |
Start age (years) | 18/20/21 20+/−5 | 20/20/25 22+/−5 | 18/20/24 21+/−5 | 0.2 |
Passive smoke exposure | 59% (19) | 83% (50) | 75% (69) | 0.01 |
Smoke exposure on work | 38% (12) | 33% (20) | 35% (32) | 0.7 |
No. of smoking relatives | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.3+/−1.0 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.3+/−0.6 | 1.0/1.0/2.0 1.3+/−0.7 | 0.9 |
No. of smoking cohabitants | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.8+/−0.9 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.7+/−0.6 | 0.0/1.0/1.0 0.8+/−0.7 | 0.8 |
No. of smoking coworkers | 0/1/2 1+/−2 | 0/1/3 1+/−1 | 0/1/3 1+/−1 | 0.9 |
Any smoking relative (%): At least one | 44% (14) | 73% (44) | 63% (58) | 0.05 |
Any smoking cohabitant (%): At least one | 34% (11) | 50% (30) | 45% (41) | 0.2 |
Pharmacological support | 45% (14) | 36% (21) | 39% (35) | 0.4 |
Education: | ||||
high school graduation | 16% (5) | 28% (17) | 24% (22) | 0.5 |
primary school | 3% (1) | 2% (1) | 2% (2) | |
university degree | 22% (7) | 25% (15) | 24% (22) | |
secondary school | 59% (19) | 45% (27) | 50% (46) | |
Eating in-between-meal snacks (%) | 16% (5) | 25% (15) | 22% (20) | 0.3 |
No. of coffees/day: | ||||
More than three | 16% (5) | 62% (37) | 46% (42) | <0.001 |
Alcoholic drink | ||||
No LAC | 9% (3) | 15% (9) | 13% (12) | 0.4 |
No. of times/week doing physical activity | 0.0/0.0/0.0 0.7+/−1.7 | 0.0/0.0/2.0 0.9+/−1.6 | 0.0/0.0/1.0 0.8+/−1.6 | 0.2 |
Total hours of activity: At least one | 19% (6) | 33% (20) | 28% (26) | 0.1 |
Diagnosis of COPD | 62% (20) | 27% (16) | 39% (36) | <0.001 |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 59/65/75 68+/−17 | 70/81/92 80+/−16 | 62/76/90 76+/−17 | 0.01 |
FVC (% predicted) | 89/ 98/109 98+/−13 | 89/102/110 101+/−12 | 89/100/110 100+/−12 | 0.5 |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 55/64/75 65+/−16 | 75/82/90 79+/−13 | 63/77/86 74+/−16 | <0.001 |
Diagnosis of asthma | 25% (8) | 38% (23) | 34% (31) | 0.2 |
Variable | Monovariable Logistic Regression | Multivariable Logistic Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR 95% CI | p-Value | OR 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age (years) | 0.91 (0.87; 0.95) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.87; 0.98) | 0.009 |
Gender M | 0.59 (0.22; 1.45) | 0.26 | - | - |
Pack-years | 0.94 (0.91; 0.97) | 0.001 | 0.99 (0.94; 1.05) | 0.745 |
Passive smoke exposure: Y | 3.42 (1.3; 9.33) | 0.014 | - | - |
Start age (years) | 1.05 (0.96; 1.16) | 0.27 | - | - |
Smoke exposure at work: Y | 0.83 (0.34; 2.07) | 0.69 | - | - |
No. of smoking colleagues | 0.98 (0.69; 1.42) | 0.916 | - | - |
Education: primary school | 0.29 (0.01; 8.33) | 0.415 | - | - |
university degree | 0.63 (0.16; 2.39) | 0.5 | - | - |
secondary school | 0.42 (0.12; 1.27) | 0.139 | - | - |
No. of smoking relatives | 0.91 (0.44; 1.95) | 0.806 | - | - |
Any smoking relative (%): None | 0.28 (0.11; 0.69) | 0.006 | 0.37 (0.1; 1.24) | 0.113 |
No. of smoking cohabitants | 0.83 (0.38; 1.83) | 0.63 | - | - |
Any smoking cohabitant (%): None | 0.52 (0.21; 1.26) | 0.153 | - | - |
Snacks (%) Y | 1.8 (0.62; 6.04) | 0.303 | - | - |
No. of coffees/day: more than three | 8.69 (3.14; 28.56) | <0.001 | 5.4 (1.58; 21.59) | 0.01 |
No LAC | 1.71 (0.47; 8.14) | 0.449 | - | - |
No. of times/week doing physical activity | 1.08 (0.83; 1.48) | 0.58 | - | - |
Respiratory diagnosis: Asthma | 1.86 (0.74; 5.06) | 0.201 | - | - |
Respiratory diagnosis: COPD | 0.22 (0.08; 0.54) | 0.001 | 0.84 (0.14; 5.6) | 0.855 |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 1.04 (1.01; 1.08) | 0.004 | 0.97 (0.89; 1.04) | 0.398 |
FVC (% predicted) | 1.02 (0.98; 1.06) | 0.368 | - | - |
FEV1/FVC (%) | 1.06 (1.03; 1.1) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.95; 1.14) | 0.462 |
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Radaeli, A.; Nardin, M.; Azzolina, D.; Malerba, M. Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214136
Radaeli A, Nardin M, Azzolina D, Malerba M. Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214136
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadaeli, Alessandro, Matteo Nardin, Danila Azzolina, and Mario Malerba. 2019. "Determinants of Smoking Status in a Sample of Outpatients Afferent to a Tertiary Referral Hospital" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4136. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214136