Performance Differences of Temporal Parameters and Point Outcome Between Elite Men’s and Women’s Badminton Players According to Match-Related Contexts
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Practical Applications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All Matches | p-Value | ES | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | |||||
Temporal Parameters | M | SD | M | SD | ||
Match duration | 49.14 | 18.04 | 46.95 | 19.57 | 0.68 | 0.12 |
Rally time | 9.91 | 8.03 | 9.05 | 6.55 | <0.01 * | 0.13 |
Real playing time | 13.60 | 5.18 | 12.19 | 4.51 | 0.12 | 0.29 |
Rest time | 22.94 | 12.72 | 22.04 | 11.91 | 0.01 * | 0.07 |
Real rest time | 29.57 | 11.60 | 28.04 | 12.62 | 0.50 | 0.13 |
Density | 0.45 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.01 * | 0.07 |
Strokes per rally | 10.63 | 8.28 | 8.73 | 6.58 | <0.001 * | 0.25 |
Strokes per match | 880.7 | 318.3 | 714.6 | 266.7 | 0.01 * | 0.57 |
Frequency of strokes | 0.90 | 0.13 | 1.06 | 0.30 | <0.001 * | 0.69 |
Number of sets | 2.32 | 0.47 | 2.26 | 0.44 | 0.54 | 0.13 |
Number of rallies | 82.89 | 20.17 | 80.64 | 19.33 | 0.64 | 0.11 |
Effective playing time (%) | 31.68 | 3.69 | 31.11 | 4.49 | 0.47 | 0.14 |
Effective rest time (%) | 68.32 | 3.69 | 68.89 | 4.49 | 0.47 | 0.14 |
Range of strokes | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR |
A (1–2) | 5.7 | 253 | 10.9 | 544 | 9.2 † | |
B (3–4) | 17.6 | 787 | 19.2 | 960 | 2.1 † | |
C (5–6) | 15.7 | 703 | 16.6 | 826 | 1.1 | |
D (7–8) | 13.3 | 594 | 14.0 | 700 | 1.1 | |
E (9–10) | 9.8 | 440 | 10.1 | 506 | 0.5 | |
F (11–12) | 8.2 | 366 | 7.8 | 387 | 174.86 | 0.8 |
G (13–14) | 5.8 | 259 | 5.5 | 274 | 0.6 | |
H (15–16) | 5.3 | 236 | 3.9 | 196 | 3.1 † | |
I (17–18) | 4.4 | 195 | 3.2 | 157 | 3.1 † | |
J (19–20) | 3.0 | 134 | 2.6 | 128 | 1.3 | |
K (21+) | 11.4 | 508 | 6.3 | 312 | 8.8 † | |
Total number of ranges | 4475 | 4990 | ||||
p value | <0.001 * | |||||
ES | 0.14 |
Variables | Short Matches | Regular Matches | Long Matches | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | p | ES | Men | Women | p | ES | Men | Women | p | ES | |||||||
Temporal Parameters | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||||
Match duration | 29.01 | 3.21 | 26.95 | 3.63 | 0.19 | 0.60 | 45.39 | 6.85 | 41.89 | 7.16 | 0.04 * | 0.50 | 82.07 | 5.05 | 83.54 | 10.50 | 0.69 | 0.18 |
Rally time | 8.06 | 2.44 | 8.15 | 0.73 | 0.71 | 0.05 | 9.59 | 1.52 | 8.67 | 1.30 | 0.01 * | 0.65 | 12.06 | 1.23 | 10.54 | 1.86 | 0.07 | 0.96 |
Real playing time | 508.2 | 130.0 | 524.9 | 56.7 | 0.91 | 0.17 | 753.3 | 140.3 | 665.46 | 135.4 | 0.01 * | 0.64 | 1367.3 | 143.3 | 1206.5 | 228.2 | 0.04 * | 0.84 |
Rest time | 16.70 | 1.64 | 14.10 | 2.27 | 0.01 * | 1.31 | 22.35 | 2.39 | 21.35 | 2.53 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 28.55 | 2.08 | 28.12 | 4.44 | 0.96 | 0.12 |
Real rest time | 998.4 | 130.8 | 856.3 | 173.6 | 0.06 | 0.92 | 1655.1 | 230.6 | 1541.0 | 258.7 | 0.08 | 0.47 | 3062.9 | 192.3 | 3054.6 | 550.7 | 0.78 | 0.02 |
Density | 0.48 | 0.12 | 0.60 | 0.12 | 0.04 * | 1.00 | 0.44 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 0.04 * | 0.50 | 0.42 | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 0.01 * | 1.21 |
Strokes per rally | 8.27 | 6.89 | 6.71 | 4.39 | 0.06 | 0.27 | 10.33 | 7.74 | 8.59 | 6.47 | 0.01 * | 0.25 | 12.62 | 9.55 | 10.13 | 7.52 | 0.01 * | 0.29 |
Strokes per match | 528.5 | 128.6 | 432.8 | 68.2 | 0.06 | 0.93 | 822.2 | 141.5 | 662.6 | 139.2 | 0.01 * | 1.37 | 1431.7 | 136.8 | 1160.0 | 196.9 | 0.01 * | 1.60 |
Frequency of strokes | 0.92 | 0.04 | 1.08 | 0.09 | 0.01 * | 2.30 | 0.90 | 0.03 | 0.99 | 0.07 | 0.49 | 1.67 | 0.93 | 0.03 | 1.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 * | 1.69 |
Number of rallies | 63.90 | 6.19 | 64.50 | 5.50 | 0.65 | 0.10 | 78.47 | 14.68 | 75.38 | 12.66 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 113.4 | 3.69 | 114.4 | 5.94 | 0.03 * | 0.20 |
Effective playing time (%) | 33.57 | 5.42 | 38.50 | 4.61 | 0.08 | 0.98 | 31.20 | 2.85 | 30.07 | 2.80 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 30.95 | 2.43 | 28.36 | 1.76 | 0.02 * | 1.22 |
Effective rest time (%) | 66.43 | 5.42 | 61.50 | 4.61 | 0.02 * | 0.98 | 68.80 | 2.85 | 69.93 | 2.80 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 69.05 | 2.43 | 71.64 | 1.76 | 0.67 | 1.22 |
Range of strokes | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR |
A (1–2) | 9.4 | 60 | 11.9 | 77 | 1.0 | 5.1 | 138 | 11.3 | 349 | 5.5 † | 4.9 | 55 | 9.4 | 118 | 2.8 † | |||
B (3–4) | 23.2 | 148 | 24.5 | 158 | 0.3 | 18.1 | 488 | 19.5 | 602 | 0.9 | 13.3 | 151 | 15.9 | 200 | 1.1 | |||
C (5–6) | 18.9 | 121 | 22.3 | 144 | 0.9 | 16.0 | 432 | 16.8 | 520 | 0.5 | 13.2 | 150 | 12.9 | 162 | 0.2 | |||
D (7–8) | 13.9 | 89 | 16.4 | 106 | 0.8 | 13.8 | 373 | 13.4 | 415 | 0.3 | 11.6 | 132 | 14.2 | 179 | 1.2 | |||
E (9–10) | 9.9 | 63 | 8.7 | 56 | 0.5 | 10.0 | 269 | 10.2 | 316 | 0.2 | 9.5 | 108 | 10.7 | 134 | 0.6 | |||
F (11–12) | 6.6 | 42 | 5.7 | 37 | 27.7 | 0.4 | 8.4 | 226 | 7.7 | 238 | 117.5 | 0.6 | 8.6 | 98 | 8.9 | 112 | 56.0 | 0.1 |
G (13–14) | 4.1 | 26 | 4.0 | 26 | 0.0 | 5.9 | 160 | 5.4 | 166 | 0.6 | 6.4 | 73 | 6.5 | 82 | 0.1 | |||
H (15–16) | 4.1 | 26 | 2.2 | 14 | 1.4 | 5.1 | 138 | 3.9 | 121 | 1.5 | 6.3 | 72 | 4.8 | 61 | 1.1 | |||
I (17–18) | 3.8 | 24 | 1.4 | 9 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 116 | 3.3 | 103 | 1.3 | 4.9 | 55 | 3.6 | 45 | 1.0 | |||
J (19–20) | 2.3 | 15 | 1.7 | 11 | 0.6 | 3.0 | 81 | 2.5 | 76 | 0.8 | 3.4 | 38 | 3.3 | 41 | 0.1 | |||
K (21+) | 3.9 | 25 | 1.1 | 7 | 2.3 † | 10.4 | 281 | 5.9 | 181 | 4.2 † | 17.8 | 202 | 9.9 | 124 | 3.6 † | |||
Total number of ranges | 639 | 645 | 2.702 | 3.087 | 1.134 | 1.288 | ||||||||||||
p | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | |||||||||||||||
ES | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
Variables | Set 1 | Set 2 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | p | ES | Men | Women | p | ES | |||||
Temporal Parameters | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Set duration | 13.24 | 1.79 | 12.55 | 1.15 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 14.87 | 2.66 | 12.63 | 4.44 | 0.19 | 0.61 |
Rally time | 7.85 | 6.09 | 8.39 | 4.63 | 0.83 | 0.10 | 8.05 | 7.63 | 7.91 | 4.45 | 0.96 | 0.02 |
Real playing time | 244.87 | 5.68 | 258.54 | 4.50 | 0.01 * | 2.67 | 263.36 | 6.11 | 266.42 | 4.24 | 0.21 | 0.58 |
Rest time | 15.74 | 6.30 | 14.05 | 4.80 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 17.55 | 9.70 | 14.25 | 8.74 | 0.43 | 0.36 |
Real rest time | 459.60 | 6.01 | 404.58 | 4.46 | <0.01 * | 10.4 | 538.82 | 9.24 | 451.74 | 6.09 | <0.01 * | 11.1 |
Density | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.63 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.32 | 0.61 | 0.31 | 0.41 | 0.38 |
Strokes per rally | 8.13 | 6.26 | 6.81 | 4.43 | 0.59 | 0.24 | 8.41 | 7.51 | 6.61 | 4.36 | 0.52 | 0.29 |
Strokes per set | 253.60 | 55.81 | 209.90 | 30.73 | 0.04 * | 0.97 | 274.90 | 89.49 | 209.90 | 30.73 | 0.04 * | 0.97 |
Frequency of strokes | 0.91 | 0.14 | 1.18 | 0.35 | 0.03 * | 1.01 | 0.90 | 0.14 | 1.14 | 0.34 | 0.06 | 0.92 |
Number of rallies | 34.79 | 4.92 | 30.80 | 2.25 | 0.03 * | 1.04 | 32.70 | 4.76 | 33.70 | 3.40 | 0.59 | 0.24 |
Effective playing time (%) | 65.21 | 4.92 | 39.10 | 3.55 | <0.01 * | 6.08 | 32.34 | 6.64 | 37.91 | 6.18 | 0.07 | 0.87 |
Effective rest time (%) | 34.79 | 6.09 | 60.90 | 3.55 | <0.01 * | 6.08 | 67.66 | 6.64 | 62.09 | 6.18 | 0.07 | 0.87 |
Range of strokes | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR |
A (1–2) | 9.9 | 31 | 12.3 | 38 | 0.6 | 8.9 | 29 | 11.6 | 39 | 0.8 | ||
B (3–4) | 21.8 | 68 | 23.4 | 72 | 0.3 | 24.5 | 80 | 25.5 | 86 | 0.2 | ||
C (5–6) | 18.6 | 58 | 22.4 | 69 | 0.7 | 19.3 | 63 | 22.3 | 75 | 0.6 | ||
D (7–8) | 14.4 | 45 | 16.6 | 51 | 0.5 | 13.5 | 44 | 16.3 | 55 | 0.7 | ||
E (9–10) | 11.2 | 35 | 8.1 | 25 | 0.9 | 8.6 | 28 | 9.2 | 31 | 0.2 | ||
F (11–12) | 7.1 | 22 | 4.5 | 14 | 14.17 | 0.9 | 6.1 | 20 | 6.8 | 23 | 23.66 | 0.3 |
G (13–14) | 3.8 | 12 | 4.9 | 15 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 14 | 3.3 | 11 | 0.5 | ||
H (15–16) | 3.8 | 12 | 3.2 | 10 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 14 | 1.2 | 4 | 1.7 | ||
I (17–18) | 2.9 | 9 | 2.3 | 7 | 0.3 | 4.6 | 15 | 0.6 | 2 | 2.3 | ||
J (19–20) | 2.6 | 8 | 1.6 | 5 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 7 | 1.8 | 6 | 0.2 | ||
K (21+) | 3.8 | 12 | 0.6 | 2 | 0.9 | 4.0 | 13 | 1.5 | 5 | 1.4 | ||
Total number of ranges | 312 | 308 | 327 | 337 | ||||||||
p | 0.17 | 0.01 | ||||||||||
ES | 0.15 | 0.19 |
Variables | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | p | ES | Men | Women | p | ES | Men | Women | p | ES | |||||||
Temporal Parameters | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||||
Set duration | 18.84 | 3.09 | 18.69 | 2.08 | 0.85 | 0.06 | 18.91 | 3.21 | 18.73 | 3.55 | 0.86 | 0.05 | 20.27 | 2.44 | 17.18 | 1.76 | <0.01 * | 1.45 |
Rally time | 9.56 | 7.12 | 8.69 | 6.22 | 0.68 | 0.13 | 9.39 | 7.71 | 8.60 | 6.36 | 0.73 | 0.11 | 9.48 | 7.45 | 8.37 | 6.51 | 0.62 | 0.16 |
Real playing time | 338.4 | 6.80 | 314.1 | 6.12 | <0.01 * | 3.75 | 332.9 | 7.43 | 301.2 | 5.91 | <0.01 * | 4.72 | 348.4 | 7.35 | 288.0 | 6.04 | <0.01 * | 8.98 |
Rest time | 20.91 | 9.74 | 20.37 | 7.44 | 0.84 | 0.06 | 23.13 | 13.02 | 22.15 | 11.68 | 0.80 | 0.08 | 22.39 | 14.35 | 20.13 | 8.41 | 0.55 | 0.19 |
Real rest time | 697.9 | 8.98 | 695.1 | 6.88 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 774.2 | 11.60 | 731.6 | 9.59 | <0.01 * | 4.00 | 777.9 | 13.94 | 652.8 | 8.01 | <0.01 * | 11.0 |
Density | 0.47 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.65 | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.29 | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.72 | 0.12 | 0.42 | 0.23 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.91 | 0.04 |
Strokes per rally | 10.39 | 7.56 | 8.58 | 6.36 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 10.30 | 8.06 | 8.57 | 6.37 | 0.46 | 0.24 | 10.30 | 7.61 | 8.63 | 6.68 | 0.47 | 0.23 |
Strokes per match | 367.8 | 73.9 | 310.1 | 49.3 | 0.01 * | 0.92 | 365.4 | 63.12 | 300.3 | 69.04 | 0.01 * | 0.98 | 378.5 | 52.3 | 297.0 | 85.78 | <0.01 * | 1.14 |
Frequency of strokes | 0.90 | 0.12 | 1.05 | 0.31 | 0.05 | 0.64 | 0.89 | 0.13 | 1.03 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.62 | 0.89 | 0.12 | 0.96 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.36 |
Number of rallies | 35.38 | 3.22 | 36.13 | 2.73 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 35.47 | 3.91 | 35.03 | 3.87 | 0.72 | 0.11 | 36.75 | 4.46 | 34.43 | 3.95 | 0.09 | 0.55 |
Effective playing time (%) | 32.71 | 3.17 | 31.11 | 2.56 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 30.36 | 4.05 | 29.18 | 3.45 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 30.95 | 1.75 | 30.22 | 4.88 | 0.53 | 0.20 |
Effective rest time (%) | 67.29 | 3.17 | 68.89 | 2.56 | 0.35 | 0.56 | 69.64 | 4.05 | 70.82 | 3.45 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 69.05 | 1.75 | 69.78 | 4.88 | 0.53 | 0.20 |
Range of strokes | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR |
A (1–2) | 4.3 | 52 | 12.2 | 176 | 4.6 † | 5.8 | 70 | 9.9 | 139 | 2.5 † | 5.4 | 16 | 14.1 | 34 | 2.4 | |||
B (3–4) | 19.0 | 228 | 18.8 | 271 | 0.1 | 17.8 | 215 | 20.7 | 290 | 1.1 | 15.3 | 45 | 17.0 | 41 | 0.4 | |||
C (5–6) | 15.3 | 184 | 16.9 | 244 | 0.7 | 16.5 | 199 | 16.8 | 235 | 0.1 | 16.7 | 49 | 17.0 | 41 | 0.1 | |||
D (7–8) | 13.0 | 156 | 13.6 | 196 | 0.3 | 14.7 | 177 | 13.3 | 186 | 0.7 | 13.6 | 40 | 13.7 | 33 | 0.0 | |||
E (9–10) | 9.6 | 115 | 9.8 | 142 | 0.1 | 10.0 | 120 | 10.9 | 153 | 0.5 | 11.6 | 34 | 8.7 | 21 | 0.8 | |||
F (11–12) | 9.3 | 112 | 7.7 | 111 | 72.05 | 1.0 | 7.3 | 88 | 7.9 | 110 | 46.35 | 0.3 | 8.8 | 26 | 7.1 | 17 | 16.09 | 0.5 |
G (13–14) | 6.4 | 77 | 4.9 | 71 | 1.1 | 5.2 | 63 | 5.6 | 78 | 0.3 | 6.8 | 20 | 7.1 | 17 | 0.1 | |||
H (15–16) | 6.0 | 72 | 4.2 | 60 | 1.4 | 4.1 | 50 | 3.6 | 51 | 0.4 | 5.4 | 16 | 4.1 | 10 | 0.0 | |||
I (17–18) | 3.9 | 47 | 3.0 | 44 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 55 | 3.8 | 53 | 0.7 | 4.8 | 14 | 2.5 | 6 | 0.5 | |||
J (19–20) | 3.0 | 36 | 2.7 | 39 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 36 | 2.1 | 30 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 9 | 2.9 | 7 | 1.0 | |||
K (21+) | 10.3 | 124 | 6.3 | 91 | 2.4 † | 11.0 | 132 | 5.4 | 76 | 3.4 † | 8.5 | 25 | 5.8 | 14 | 0.9 | |||
Total number of ranges | 1203 | 1445 | 1205 | 1401 | 294 | 241 | ||||||||||||
p | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.10 | |||||||||||||||
ES | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.17 |
Variables | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | p | ES | Men | Women | p | ES | Men | Women | p | ES | |||||||
Temporal Parameters | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||||||
Set duration | 25.96 | 3.11 | 23.37 | 3.57 | 0.34 | 0.77 | 25.25 | 4.70 | 24.62 | 4.06 | 0.75 | 0.14 | 27.13 | 3.63 | 30.19 | 6.81 | 0.23 | 0.56 |
Rally time | 12.85 | 9.94 | 10.20 | 7.17 | 0.24 | 0.31 | 11.46 | 9.29 | 10.23 | 7.21 | 0.74 | 0.15 | 11.85 | 9.00 | 11.18 | 8.55 | 0.87 | 0.08 |
Real playing time | 490.9 | 9.83 | 381.1 | 6.81 | <0.01 * | 2.11 | 433.3 | 8.85 | 381.2 | 6.85 | <0.01 * | 6.58 | 443.3 | 8.88 | 444.11 | 7.71 | 0.83 | 0.09 |
Rest time | 26.98 | 12.47 | 25.46 | 12.90 | 0.53 | 0.12 | 27.71 | 14.24 | 27.35 | 12.17 | 0.95 | 0.03 | 30.92 | 16.12 | 31.54 | 18.98 | 0.94 | 0.04 |
Real rest time | 976.5 | 12.14 | 900.2 | 12.08 | <0.01 * | 3.17 | 991.9 | 13.17 | 964.6 | 10.87 | <0.01 * | 2.26 | 1094.5 | 15.60 | 1189.8 | 15.79 | <0.01 * | 6.07 |
Density | 0.48 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.57 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.20 | 0.71 | 0.17 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.36 | 0.21 | 0.71 | 0.17 |
Strokes per rally | 13.47 | 10.06 | 9.68 | 7.08 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 11.95 | 9.48 | 9.84 | 7.20 | 0.58 | 0.25 | 12.45 | 9.12 | 10.86 | 8.29 | 0.69 | 0.18 |
Strokes per match | 514.4 | 67.94 | 361.8 | 64.75 | <0.01 * | 2.23 | 451.7 | 96.98 | 366.7 | 70.23 | 0.04 * | 1.00 | 465.6 | 73.20 | 431.5 | 131.5 | 0.48 | 0.32 |
Frequency of strokes | 0.91 | 0.12 | 1.10 | 0.29 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 0.93 | 0.12 | 1.07 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.67 | 0.90 | 0.11 | 1.04 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.70 |
Number of rallies | 38.20 | 2.25 | 37.36 | 3.20 | 0.51 | 0.30 | 37.80 | 3.08 | 37.27 | 3.07 | 0.70 | 0.17 | 37.40 | 2.67 | 39.73 | 4.84 | 0.20 | 0.59 |
Effective playing time (%) | 33.45 | 2.18 | 29.73 | 2.18 | <0.01 * | 1.71 | 30.52 | 3.59 | 28.42 | 2.45 | 0.15 | 0.68 | 28.86 | 2.55 | 26.93 | 1.76 | 0.06 | 0.88 |
Effective rest time (%) | 66.55 | 2.18 | 70.27 | 2.18 | <0.01 * | 1.71 | 69.48 | 3.59 | 71.58 | 2.45 | 0.15 | 0.68 | 71.14 | 2.55 | 73.07 | 1.76 | 0.06 | 0.88 |
Range of strokes | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR |
A (1–2) | 3.1 | 12 | 10.0 | 41 | 2.6 † | 6.9 | 26 | 8.3 | 34 | 0.5 | 4.5 | 17 | 9.8 | 43 | 2.0 | |||
B (3–4) | 14.4 | 55 | 16.5 | 68 | 0.5 | 12.7 | 48 | 17.6 | 72 | 1.2 | 12.8 | 48 | 13.7 | 60 | 0.2 | |||
C (5–6) | 10.2 | 39 | 13.4 | 55 | 0.9 | 16.1 | 61 | 12.4 | 51 | 1.0 | 13.4 | 50 | 12.8 | 56 | 0.1 | |||
D (7–8) | 12.6 | 48 | 13.4 | 55 | 0.2 | 10.3 | 39 | 16.1 | 66 | 1.5 | 12.0 | 45 | 13.3 | 58 | 0.3 | |||
E (9–10) | 9.9 | 38 | 11.2 | 46 | 0.4 | 8.2 | 31 | 9.5 | 39 | 0.4 | 10.4 | 39 | 11.2 | 49 | 0.2 | |||
F (11–12) | 7.1 | 27 | 8.0 | 33 | 44.44 | 0.3 | 11.6 | 44 | 10.0 | 41 | 22.75 | 0.5 | 7.2 | 27 | 8.7 | 38 | 15.10 | 0.5 |
G (13–14) | 6.3 | 24 | 8.3 | 34 | 0.7 | 4.8 | 18 | 6.3 | 26 | 0.6 | 8.3 | 31 | 5.0 | 22 | 1.2 | |||
H (15–16) | 7.3 | 28 | 5.4 | 22 | 0.8 | 5.8 | 22 | 4.4 | 18 | 0.8 | 5.9 | 22 | 4.8 | 21 | 0.5 | |||
I (17–18) | 5.2 | 20 | 2.7 | 11 | 1.3 | 4.8 | 18 | 3.4 | 14 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 17 | 4.6 | 20 | 0.0 | |||
J (19–20) | 3.7 | 14 | 3.4 | 14 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 11 | 3.4 | 14 | 0.3 | 3.5 | 13 | 3.0 | 13 | 0.3 | |||
K (21+) | 20.2 | 77 | 7.8 | 32 | 3.3 † | 15.9 | 60 | 8.5 | 35 | 2.1 † | 17.4 | 65 | 13.0 | 57 | 1.0 | |||
Total number of ranges | 382 | 411 | 378 | 410 | 374 | 437 | ||||||||||||
p | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.13 | |||||||||||||||
ES | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.14 |
Behaviour | Point Outcome | Men | Women | χ2 | AR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Matches | n | % | n | % | |||
Serving | Winner | 855 | 19.1 | 754 | 15.1 | 5.2 † | |
Forced error | 617 | 13.8 | 774 | 15.5 | 2.4 † | ||
Unforced error | 747 | 16.7 | 854 | 17.1 | 44.26 | 0.5 | |
Receiving | Winner | 860 | 19.2 | 934 | 18.7 | 0.6 | |
Forced error | 586 | 13.1 | 597 | 12.0 | 1.7 | ||
Unforced error | 810 | 18.1 | 1077 | 21.6 | 4.2 † | ||
Total number of points | 4475 | 4990 | |||||
P | <0.001 * | ||||||
ES | 0.07 | ||||||
Short matches | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR | |
Serving | Winner | 127 | 19.9 | 120 | 18.6 | 0.6 | |
Serving Receiving | Forced error | 83 | 13.0 | 83 | 12.9 | 0.1 | |
Unforced error | 92 | 14.4 | 127 | 19.7 | 7.62 | 2.5 † | |
Winner | 124 | 19.4 | 106 | 16.4 | 1.4 | ||
Receiving | Forced error | 87 | 13.6 | 79 | 12.2 | 0.7 | |
Unforced error | 126 | 19.7 | 130 | 20.2 | 0.2 | ||
Total number of points | 639 | 645 | |||||
p | 0.178 | ||||||
ES | 0.07 | ||||||
Regular matches | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR | |
Serving | Winner | 514 | 19.0 | 462 | 15.0 | 4.1 † | |
Serving Receiving | Forced error | 383 | 14.2 | 482 | 15.6 | 1.5 | |
Unforced error | 474 | 17.5 | 535 | 17.3 | 35.64 | 0.2 | |
Winner | 504 | 18.7 | 563 | 18.2 | 0.4 | ||
Receiving | Forced error | 357 | 13.2 | 360 | 11.7 | 1.8 | |
Unforced error | 470 | 17.4 | 685 | 22.2 | 4.6 † | ||
Total number of points | 2702 | 3087 | |||||
p | <0.001 * | ||||||
ES | 0.08 | ||||||
Long matches | % | n | % | n | χ2 | AR | |
Serving | Winner | 214 | 18.9 | 172 | 13.7 | 3.5 † | |
Serving Receiving | Forced error | 151 | 13.3 | 209 | 16.6 | 2.3 † | |
Unforced error | 181 | 16.0 | 192 | 15.3 | 15.74 | 0.5 | |
Winner | 232 | 20.5 | 265 | 21.1 | 0.4 | ||
Receiving | Forced error | 142 | 12.5 | 158 | 12.6 | 0.0 | |
Unforced error | 214 | 18.9 | 262 | 20.8 | 1.2 | ||
Total number of points | 1134 | 1258 | |||||
p | 0.008 * | ||||||
ES | 0.08 |
Behaviour | Point Outcome | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | χ2 | AR | Men | Women | χ2 | AR | Men | Women | χ2 | AR | ||||||||
Short Matches | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||||
Serving | Winner | 68 | 21.8 | 59 | 19.2 | 0.8 | 59 | 18.0 | 61 | 18.1 | 0.0 | ||||||||
Forced error | 41 | 13.1 | 38 | 12.3 | 0.3 | 42 | 12.8 | 45 | 13.4 | 0.2 | |||||||||
Unforced error | 46 | 14.7 | 59 | 19.2 | 3.37 | 1.5 | 46 | 14.1 | 68 | 20.2 | 10.61 | 2.1 | |||||||
Receiving | Winner | 48 | 15.4 | 53 | 17.2 | 0.6 | 76 | 23.2 | 53 | 15.7 | 2.4 | ||||||||
Forced error | 41 | 13.1 | 41 | 13.3 | 0.1 | 46 | 14.1 | 38 | 11.3 | 1.1 | |||||||||
Unforced error | 68 | 21.8 | 58 | 18.8 | 0.9 | 58 | 17.7 | 72 | 21.4 | 1.2 | |||||||||
Total number of points | 312 | 308 | 327 | 337 | |||||||||||||||
p | 0.638 | 0.061 | |||||||||||||||||
ES | 0.07 | 0.13 | |||||||||||||||||
Regular matches | n | % | n | % | χ2 | AR | n | % | n | % | χ2 | AR | n | % | n | % | χ2 | AR | |
Serving | Winner | 236 | 19.6 | 195 | 13.5 | 4.2 † | 224 | 18.6 | 227 | 16.2 | 1.6 | 54 | 18.4 | 40 | 16.6 | 0.5 | |||
Forced error | 152 | 12.6 | 249 | 17.2 | 3.3 † | 187 | 15.5 | 205 | 14.6 | 0.6 | 44 | 15.0 | 28 | 11.6 | 1.1 | ||||
Unforced error | 222 | 18.5 | 247 | 17.1 | 31.55 | 0.9 | 196 | 16.3 | 253 | 18.1 | 11.27 | 1.2 | 56 | 19.0 | 35 | 14.5 | 11.22 | 1.4 | |
Receiving | Winner | 227 | 18.9 | 266 | 18.4 | 0.3 | 224 | 18.6 | 251 | 17.9 | 0.4 | 53 | 18.0 | 46 | 19.1 | 0.3 | |||
Forced error | 149 | 12.4 | 165 | 11.4 | 0.8 | 166 | 13.8 | 166 | 11.8 | 1.5 | 42 | 14.3 | 29 | 12.0 | 0.8 | ||||
Unforced error | 217 | 18.0 | 323 | 22.4 | 2.7† | 208 | 17.3 | 299 | 21.3 | 2.6† | 45 | 15.3 | 63 | 26.1 | 3.1 † | ||||
Total number of points | 1203 | 1445 | 1205 | 1401 | 294 | 241 | |||||||||||||
p | <0.001 * | 0.046 * | 0.049 * | ||||||||||||||||
ES | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.15 | ||||||||||||||||
Long matches | n | % | n | % | χ2 | AR | n | % | n | % | χ2 | AR | n | % | n | % | χ2 | AR | |
Serving | Winner | 72 | 18.8 | 61 | 14.8 | 1.5 | 70 | 18.5 | 55 | 13.4 | 2.0 | 72 | 19.3 | 56 | 12.8 | 2.5 | |||
Forced error | 48 | 12.6 | 69 | 16.8 | 1.7 | 55 | 14.6 | 65 | 15.9 | 0.5 | 48 | 12.8 | 75 | 17.2 | 1.7 | ||||
Unforced error | 63 | 16.5 | 62 | 15.1 | 10.77 | 0.5 | 64 | 16.9 | 67 | 16.3 | 10.81 | 0.2 | 54 | 14.4 | 63 | 14.4 | 9.70 | 0.0 | |
Receiving | Winner | 62 | 16.2 | 94 | 22.9 | 2.4 † | 91 | 24.1 | 80 | 19.5 | 1.6 | 79 | 21.1 | 91 | 20.8 | 0.1 | |||
Forced error | 57 | 14.9 | 51 | 12.4 | 1.0 | 33 | 8.7 | 53 | 12.9 | 1.9 | 52 | 13.9 | 54 | 12.4 | 0.7 | ||||
Unforced error | 80 | 20.9 | 74 | 18.0 | 1.0 | 65 | 17.2 | 90 | 22.0 | 1.7 | 69 | 18.4 | 98 | 22.4 | 1.4 | ||||
Total number of points | 382 | 411 | 378 | 410 | 374 | 437 | |||||||||||||
p | 0.049 * | 0.06 | 0.08 | ||||||||||||||||
ES | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.11 |
Variables | All Matches | Short Matches | Regular Matches | Long Matches | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Set 1 | Set 2 | All | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | All | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | ||
Temporal parameters | ||||||||||||
Set duration | ↑M | |||||||||||
Rally time | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | |||||||||
Real playing time | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | |||
Rest time | ↑M | ↑M | ||||||||||
Real rest time | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑W | |||||
Density | ↑M | ↑W | ↑M | ↑W | ||||||||
Strokes per rally | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | |||||||||
Strokes per match/set | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ||||
Frequency between strokes | ↑W | ↑W | ↑W | ↑M | ↑W | |||||||
Number of rallies | ↑M | ↑W | ||||||||||
Effective playing time (%) | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | |||||||||
Effective rest time (%) | ↑ M | ↑W | ↑W | ↑W | ||||||||
Range of strokes | ||||||||||||
A (1–2) | ↑W | ↑W | ↑W | ↑W | ↑W | |||||||
B (2–3) | ↑W | |||||||||||
H (15–16) | ↑M | |||||||||||
I (17–18) | ↑M | |||||||||||
K (>20) | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | |||||
Point outcome | ||||||||||||
Serving winners | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ↑M | ||||||||
Serving forced errors | ↑W | ↑W | ||||||||||
Serving unforced errors | ↑W | ↑W | ||||||||||
Receiving winners | ↑M | |||||||||||
Receiving unforced errors | ↑W | ↑W | ↑W | ↑W | ↑W |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Gomez, M.-Á.; Rivas, F.; Connor, J.D.; Leicht, A.S. Performance Differences of Temporal Parameters and Point Outcome Between Elite Men’s and Women’s Badminton Players According to Match-Related Contexts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4057. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214057
Gomez M-Á, Rivas F, Connor JD, Leicht AS. Performance Differences of Temporal Parameters and Point Outcome Between Elite Men’s and Women’s Badminton Players According to Match-Related Contexts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4057. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214057
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomez, Miguel-Ángel, Fernando Rivas, Jonathan D. Connor, and Anthony S. Leicht. 2019. "Performance Differences of Temporal Parameters and Point Outcome Between Elite Men’s and Women’s Badminton Players According to Match-Related Contexts" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4057. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214057
APA StyleGomez, M.-Á., Rivas, F., Connor, J. D., & Leicht, A. S. (2019). Performance Differences of Temporal Parameters and Point Outcome Between Elite Men’s and Women’s Badminton Players According to Match-Related Contexts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(21), 4057. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214057