Health Implications of Drinking Water Salinity in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Questionnaire Survey
2.3. Water Sample Collection and Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Socio–Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Hospital Visit Frequency
3.3. Perceptions on Water Salinity
4. Discussion
Potential Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Characteristics | Low Salinity (n = 78) (Mean ± SD) | High Salinity (n = 79) (Mean ± SD) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 42.0 ± 12.1 | 38.5 ± 9.9 | 0.050 |
Sex (male) (%, n) | 98.7 (77) | 97.5 (77) | 0.239 |
Household size | 5.5 ± 2.2 | 5.3 ± 1.5 | 0.38 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 4.4 | 24.6 ± 4.3 | 0.075 |
Education (≥ elementary) (%, n) | 57.9 (45) | 43.0 (34) | 0.066 |
Annual income (in 1000 Bangladesh Taka) | 163.9 ± 127.3 | 145.5 ± 115.3 | 0.324 |
Smoking (%, n) | 84.6 (66) | 82.3 (65) | 0.745 |
Water Salinity (mg/L) | |||
Drinking use(tubewell) | 53.9 ± 49.2 | 1291.9 ± 1129.3 | <0.0001 * |
Both (Drinking and other use) | 143.4 ± 25.8 | 856.8 ± 1082.5 | 0.136 |
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) | |||
Drinking use(tubewell) | 73.6 ± 66.3 | 1610.0 ± 1355.4 | <0.0001 * |
Both (Drinking and other use) | 193.1 ± 34.5 | 1073.4 ± 1313.2 | 0.130 |
Health Effects | Low Salinity and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (n = 78) (%, n) | High Salinity and TDS (n = 79) (%, n) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Cardiovascular (CVD) | 2.6 (2) | 10.1 (8) | <0.05 * |
Diarrhea | 3.8 (3) | 10.1 (8) | <0.05 * |
Abdominal pain | 3.8 (3) | 13.9 (11) | <0.05 * |
Gastric ulcer | 20.5 (16) | 21.5 (17) | 0.989 |
Dysentery | 7.7 (6) | 11.4 (9) | 0.256 |
Skin Diseases | 9 (7) | 8.9 (7) | 1.000 |
Typhoid | 5.1 (4) | 10.1 (8) | 0.452 |
Reason for Visit | Salinity | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Cardiovascular (CVD) | Q1 (Reference) | 1 |
Q2 | 1.12 (0.21, 6.12) | |
Q3 | 0.13 (0.01, 1.11) | |
Q4 | 1.64 (0.25, 10.99) | |
Diarrhea | Q1 (Reference) | 1 |
Q2 | 0.43 (0.14, 1.38) | |
Q3 | 0.34 (0.08, 1.49) | |
Q4 | 1.75 (0.35, 8.75) | |
Abdominal pain | Q1 (Reference) | 1 |
Q2 | 0.35 (0.09, 1.48) | |
Q3 | 2.30 (0.80, 6.72) | |
Q4 | 3.64 (0.69, 19.24) |
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Chakraborty, R.; Khan, K.M.; Dibaba, D.T.; Khan, M.A.; Ahmed, A.; Islam, M.Z. Health Implications of Drinking Water Salinity in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193746
Chakraborty R, Khan KM, Dibaba DT, Khan MA, Ahmed A, Islam MZ. Health Implications of Drinking Water Salinity in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193746
Chicago/Turabian StyleChakraborty, Rishika, Khalid M. Khan, Daniel T. Dibaba, Md Alfazal Khan, Ali Ahmed, and Mohammad Zahirul Islam. 2019. "Health Implications of Drinking Water Salinity in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193746