Influence of PM2.5 Exposure Level on the Association between Alzheimer’s Disease and Allergic Rhinitis: A National Population-Based Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Collections and Concentrations of PM2.5
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2. Kaplan–Meier Curves and Cox Regression
3.3. Logistic Regression
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Comparison | AR | Chi-Square | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 2014) | (n = 370) | |||||
Gender | ||||||
Female | 1088 | (54.02%) | 158 | (48.47%) | 3.4787 | 0.0622 |
Male | 926 | (45.98%) | 168 | (51.53%) | ||
Age | ||||||
30–44 | 89 | (4.42%) | 18 | (5.52%) | 6.0638 | 0.1085 |
45–59 | 241 | (11.97%) | 50 | (15.34%) | ||
60–74 | 766 | (38.03%) | 130 | (39.88%) | ||
>75 | 918 | (45.58%) | 128 | (39.26%) | ||
Low income | ||||||
Yes | 1234 | (61.27%) | 207 | (63.50%) | 0.5876 | 0.4434 |
No | 780 | (38.73%) | 119 | (36.50%) | ||
Urbanization level | ||||||
Highly urbanized | 474 | (23.54%) | 79 | (24.23%) | 3.5588 | 0.7818 |
Moderate urbanization | 545 | (27.06%) | 96 | (29.45%) | ||
Emerging town | 291 | (14.45%) | 44 | (13.50%) | ||
General town | 370 | (18.37%) | 61 | (18.71%) | ||
Aged Township | 92 | (4.57%) | 9 | (2.76%) | ||
Agricultural town | 152 | (7.55%) | 22 | (6.75%) | ||
Remote township | 90 | (4.47%) | 15 | (4.60%) | ||
Particulate matter (PM2.5) cumulative exposure | ||||||
Q1 level | 558 | (27.71%) | 27 | (7.3%) | 84.4076 | <0.0001 |
Q2 level | 517 | (25.67%) | 68 | (18.38%) | ||
Q3 level | 483 | (23.98%) | 100 | (27.03%) | ||
Q4 level | 456 | (22.64%) | 131 | (35.41%) |
Variable | Alzheimer Disease | |
---|---|---|
Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Allergic rhinitis infection (reference: general population) | ||
Allergic rhinitis infection | 2.008 (1.780–2.266) | <0.0001 |
Age in 2008 (per year) | 1.002 (0.998–1.005) | 0.3928 |
Gender (reference: female) | ||
Male | 0.900 (0.829–0.978) | 0.0130 |
Low income (reference: no) | ||
Yes | 1.129 (1.028–1.240) | 0.0113 |
Urbanization level (reference: Moderate urbanization) | ||
Highly urbanized | 0.968 (0.863–1.085) | 0.5759 |
Emerging town | 1.066 (0.933–1.219) | 0.3464 |
General town | 0.958 (0.842–1.089) | 0.5089 |
Aged Township | 1.051 (0.845–1.309) | 0.6537 |
Agricultural town | 0.969 (0.814–1.154) | 0.7230 |
Remote township | 1.268 (1.026–1.567) | 0.0283 |
Comorbidity (ref: without) | ||
Hypertension | 0.771 (0.703–0.845) | <0.0001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 0.752 (0.685–0.826) | <0.0001 |
Diabetes | 0.982 (0.894–1.078) | 0.6995 |
Huntington’s Disease | 4.024 (0.559–28.99) | 0.1670 |
Parkinson’s Disease | 0.980 (0.860–1.116) | 0.7566 |
Extrapyramidal signs | 0.773 (0.644–0.926) | 0.0053 |
Sleep Apnea | 1.001 (0.656–1.529) | 0.9955 |
Nutrition Deficiencies | 0.888 (0.604–1.305) | 0.5444 |
Cox regression | Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 Cumulative Exposure | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 Level | Q2 Level | Q3 Level | Q4 Level | |||||
Allergic Rhinitis Infection | Allergic Rhinitis Infection | Allergic Rhinitis Infection | Allergic Rhinitis Infection | |||||
(Reference: General Population) | (Reference: General Population) | (Reference: General Population) | (Reference: General Population) | |||||
p | p | p | p | |||||
Crude | 1.454 (0.986–2.142) | 0.0586 | 1.663 (1.290–2.143) | <0.0001 | 3.128 (2.510–3.898) | <0.0001 | 8.315 (6.657–10.385) | <0.0001 |
HR (95% CI) | ||||||||
Adjusted | 1.533 (1.023–2.297) | 0.0385 | 1.812 (1.396–2.353) | <0.0001 | 3.331 (2.653–4.183) | <0.0001 | 8.981 (7.100–11.360) | <0.0001 |
HR (95% CI) |
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Li, R.-L.; Ho, Y.-C.; Luo, C.-W.; Lee, S.-S.; Kuan, Y.-H. Influence of PM2.5 Exposure Level on the Association between Alzheimer’s Disease and Allergic Rhinitis: A National Population-Based Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183357
Li R-L, Ho Y-C, Luo C-W, Lee S-S, Kuan Y-H. Influence of PM2.5 Exposure Level on the Association between Alzheimer’s Disease and Allergic Rhinitis: A National Population-Based Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183357
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Ruo-Ling, Yung-Chyuan Ho, Ci-Wen Luo, Shiuan-Shinn Lee, and Yu-Hsiang Kuan. 2019. "Influence of PM2.5 Exposure Level on the Association between Alzheimer’s Disease and Allergic Rhinitis: A National Population-Based Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183357