An Examination of the Variation in Estimates of E-Cigarette Prevalence among U.S. Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Comparison of Studies
3. Results
3.1. Methods and Measures of E-Cigarette Use
3.2. All Adult Use
3.3. Gender and Age Variations for All Adults
3.4. Smoking Status
3.4.1. Current cigarette smokers
3.4.2. Former smokers
3.4.3. Never Smokers
3.5. E-Cigarette Intensity of Use
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Title | Survey Description (Name if Given/Dates) | Survey Description (Method, Surveyor) | Sample size (Response Rate/Completion Rate †) | Current E-Cigarette/ENDS Use Definition | Other E-Cigarette Use Measurements |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Online Surveys | |||||
Zhu et al., 2013 [53] | February 24–March 8, 2012 | Probability-based random digit dialing and address-based sampling by Knowledge Networks. | 10,041 (66.5% †) | Heard of and ever tried an e-cigarette; used e-cigarettes in the past 30 days. | Distinguished every day and some days use. |
Giovenco et al., 2014 [49] | June 2013 | Randomly recruited current and former smokers from Know-ledge Panel using probability-based sample from U.S.P.S. Delivery Sequence File. | 2136 (NA) | Ever tried e-cigarettes; used e-cigarettes at least one day in the past-30 days. | Established users: current users who used more than 50 times over lifetime. |
Gravely et al., 2014 [57] | July 2010–June 2011, International Tobacco Control (ITC) Survey | Probability sampling of smokers in households, random digit dialing, administered by phone or online. | 1520 (25.6%) for U.S. | Heard of and tried an e-cigarette; currently use daily/less than daily, but ≥1 week/less than weekly, but ≥once a month/less than monthly. | NA |
King et al., 2014 [15] | HealthStyles, June–August 2010–2013, | Probability-based random digit dialing and address-based sampling by Knowledge Networks. | 2010 = 2505 (63.9%), 2011 = 4050 (69.1%), 2012 = 4170 (65.1%), 2013 = 4033 (66.1%) | In the past 30 days, used “electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes” at least once. | NA |
McMillen et al., 2014 [56]* | October–November 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 | Probability-based random digit dialing and address-based sampling by Knowledge Networks. | 2010 = 3240 (73.6% †) 2011 = 3097 (65.1% †) 2012 = 3101 (73.1% †) 2013 = 3245 (74.5% †) | Heard of and tried e-cigarettes; now use e-cigarettes every day or somedays. | NA |
Rutten et al., 2015 [54] | Web-based panel survey of current cigarette smokers, April–May, 2014 | Probability-based random digit dialing and address-based sampling by Knowledge Networks. | 2663 (55.3% †) | Now use e-cigarettes very day or somedays | NA |
Caraballo et al., 2016 [58] | Styles, June–July 2014 | Randomly recruited probability-based, address-based sampling to reach landline phones and internet users. | 4269 (69%) | Any ENDS product use in the past-30 days. | NA |
Huang et al., 2016 [51] | February–March 2013 | Probability-based random digit dialing and address-based sampling by Knowledge Networks | 13,144 (97%†) + 4378 tobacco users | In the past 30 days, used e-cigarettes every day, somedays or not at all. | NA |
Weaver et al., 2016 [52] | Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Survey, June–November 2014 | Probability sample drawn from KnowledgePanel, sampled via address-based sampling or random digit dialing. | 5717 (74.4% †; qualification rate 98.2 %) | Heard of and tried e-cigarettes; used at least once during the past-30 days. | NA |
Weaver et al., 2017 [55] | Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Survey (TPRPS), Web-based, August–September 2015 | Probability sample drawn from KnowledgePanel, sampled via address-based sampling or random digit dialing. | 6051 (74.4% †) | Current ENDS/ENNDS use; Ever used electronic vapor products and now used every day, somedays, or rarely. | NA |
Gravely et al., 2019 [50] | International Tobacco Control (ITC), July–November 2016 | Probability-based sampling frames for initial recruitment. Recruited via web-based KnowledgePanel, IPSOS and prior ITC panel | 2552 (NA) | Ever tried an e-cigarette and currently (daily, weekly, or monthly) use. | Daily weekly and monthly e-cigarette use |
Spears et al., 2019 [59]** | Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Survey August–September 2017 | Probability sample drawn from KnowledgePanel, sampled via address-based sampling. | 5992 (74.3% †) | Ever used ENDS; now using ENDS every day, somedays or “rarely” | Every day ENDS use |
Traditional Surveys | |||||
Agaku et al., 2014 [42] | National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS), 2012–2013 | Stratified, random-digit-dialed landline (47.2%) and cellular telephone (36.3%) survey | 27,026 (44.9%) | Ever used at least one e-cigarette; now use every day, somedays, or rarely | Every day/Someday/ Excluding rarely e-cigarette use. |
Anic et al., 2018 [40] | National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS), 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 | Dual-frame Random Digit Dialing sample, with independent samples drawn from landline and cell phone frames | 2012/13 = 8891 (NA), 2013/14 = 11,379 (NA) | Ever used an electronic cigarette one time in your life; now use every day or somedays. | NA |
Sharapova et al., 2018 [41] | National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS), 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 | Dual-frame Random Digit Dialing sample, with independent samples drawn from landline and cell phone frames. | 2012/13 = 60,192, (44.9%), 2013/14 = 75,233, (36.1%) | Now use every day, somedays, or rarely. | Every day/ some days/ rarely current use |
Schoenborn et al., 2015 [43] | National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2014 | A multi-stage area probability sampling design collected via personal household interviews | 36,697 (NA) | Ever used an e-cigarette, and now use e-cigarettes every day or somedays. | NA |
Delnevo et al., 2016 [34] | National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2014 | A multi-stage area probability sampling design collected via personal household interviews | 36,697 (NA) | Ever used an e-cigarette; now use every day or somedays. | Every day or someday e-cigarette use. |
Hu et al., 2016 [35] | National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS), 2013–2014 | Stratified, random-digit-dialed landline (70%) and cellular telephone (30%) survey | 75,233 (36.1%) | Ever used and used e-cigarettes every day, somedays or rarely. | Every day or someday e-cigarette use. With and w/out rarely use. |
Phillips et al., 2017 [36] | National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2015 | A multi-stage area probability sampling design collected via personal household interviews | 33,627 (55.2%) | Used at least once; now use e-cigarettes every day or somedays. | NA |
Giovenco et al., 2018 [35] | National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2014–2015 | A multi-stage area probability sampling design collected via personal household interviews | 15,532 (NA) | Ever used; currently use an e-cigarette daily or somedays. | Every day or someday e-cigarette use. |
Wang et al., 2018 [39] | National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2017 | A multi-stage area probability sampling design collected via personal household interviews | 26,742 (53%) | Reported using electronic cigarettes at least once during lifetime; now used every day or somedays | NA |
Bao et al., 2018 [38] | National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2014–2016 | A multi-stage area probability sampling design collected via personal household interviews | 2014 = 36,520, 2015 = 31,724, 2016 = 32,931, (response rate range = 68%–74%) | Ever used; now use -cigarettes every day or somedays | NA |
Levy et al., 2017 [46] | Tobacco Use Suppl. of Current Population Survey (CPS-TUS), 2014–2015 | NCI-sponsored survey with 64% of surveys completed by telephone and 36% completed in person. | 163,920 (NA, 35% were eligible to answer tobacco use questions) | Ever used an e-cigarette even once; used at ≥1 day in last 30 days | Ever used e-cigarette and used at least 5, 10, and 20 days in past 30 days. |
Jaber et al., 2018 [48] | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2013–2014 | A National Center for Health Statistics conducted survey via home-based interview. | 5423 for adults (NA) | Used an e-cigarette in the previous 5 days | NA |
Mirbolouk et al., 2018 [47] | Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 2016 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and all states and participating territories of the United States collected data via landline and cellular telephone. | 466,842 (NA) | Ever used e-cigarette or other electronic vaping products; now use every day or somedays considered current users | Everyday e-cigarette or other electronic vaping products use |
Coleman et al., 2017 [31] | Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Survey (PATH), September 2013–December 2014 | In person longitudinal study using audio computer-assisted self-interview, with address-based, area-probability sampling, and in-person household screener. | 32,320 (74%) | Have seen or heard, ever used, and now use e-cigarettes every day or somedays. | In-frequent users: 0–2 days; moderate users: use on >2 of days; and everyday use. |
Kasza et al., 2017 [32] | Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Survey (PATH), September. 2013–December.2014 | In person longitudinal using audio computer-assisted self-interview, with address-based, area-probability sampling, and in-person household screener. | 32,320 (74%) | Current use; now use every day or somedays. | Used in past 30 days; current regular use: ever used “fairly regularly,” now use every or some days. |
Rodu et al., 2018 [44] | Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Survey (PATH), September 2013–December 2014 | In person longitudinal study using audio computer-assisted self-interview, with address-based, area-probability sampling, and in-person household screener. | 32,320 (74%) | Aware of and ever use even one time; now use e-cigarettes every day or somedays | Current triers who have not used fairly regularly and regular users |
Kasza et al., 2018 [37] | Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, September 2013–December 2014 and October 2014–October 2015 | In person longitudinal using audio computer-assisted self-interview, with address-based, area-probability sampling, and in-person household screener. | 2013/14 = 34,235 (74%), 2014/15 = 26,439 (83.2%) | Ever used ENDS; now use ENDS every day or somedays*** | NA |
Our Analysis of PATH (2019) | Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) survey, September 2013–December 2014 and October 2014–October 2015, and October 2015–October 2016 | In person longitudinal using audio computer-assisted self-interview, with address-based, area-probability sampling and in-person household screener. | 2013/14 = 32,320 (74%), 2014/15 = 28,362 (83.2%), 2015/16 = 28,148 (78.4%) | Current use: consider both “now use the product every day or some days” and “used e-cigarette at least once in past 30 days” of only e-cigarettes in 2013/14 and ENDS (including e-cigarette, e-cigar, e-hookah, and e-pipe) in 14/15 and 15/16. | Current regular/experimental use: ever used the product “fairly regularly”/not, now use e-cigarette every day/some days or at least 1 day in past-30 days. |
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Levy, D.T.; Yuan, Z.; Li, Y.; Mays, D.; Sanchez-Romero, L.M. An Examination of the Variation in Estimates of E-Cigarette Prevalence among U.S. Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173164
Levy DT, Yuan Z, Li Y, Mays D, Sanchez-Romero LM. An Examination of the Variation in Estimates of E-Cigarette Prevalence among U.S. Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(17):3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173164
Chicago/Turabian StyleLevy, David T., Zhe Yuan, Yameng Li, Darren Mays, and Luz Maria Sanchez-Romero. 2019. "An Examination of the Variation in Estimates of E-Cigarette Prevalence among U.S. Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173164
APA StyleLevy, D. T., Yuan, Z., Li, Y., Mays, D., & Sanchez-Romero, L. M. (2019). An Examination of the Variation in Estimates of E-Cigarette Prevalence among U.S. Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173164