Romantic Attraction and Substance Use in 15-Year-Old Adolescents from Eight European Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Tobacco Use
1.2. Alcohol Consumption and Drunkenness
1.3. Cannabis Use
1.4. Minority and Romantic Stress: Explanation for Different Types and Combinations of Substance Use?
1.5. Dimensions of Sexual Orientation
1.6. Aims of the Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Love and Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Romantic Attraction and Substance Use
3.3. Cigarette Smoking across Romantic Attraction
3.4. Alcohol Consumption across Romantic Attraction
3.5. Drunkenness across Romantic Attraction
3.6. Cannabis Use across Romantic Attraction
3.7. Multiple Substance Use across Romantic Attraction
4. Discussion
4.1. Gender and Attraction
4.2. Socioeconomic Status, Country and Attraction
4.3. Love: A ‘Sweet Poison’?
4.4. Non-Responders
4.5. Limitations
4.6. Reducing Risk and Promoting Resilience in Sexual Minority Youth
4.7. Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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OVERALL | Opposite-Gender Love | Same-Gender Love | Both-Gender Love | Not in Love | Not Responding | Assoc. 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % (RA) 1 | n | % (RA) | n | % (RA) | n | % (RA) | n | % (RA) | ||
Love | |||||||||||||
Opposite-sex love | 11,024 | 81.2 | |||||||||||
Same-sex love | 219 | 1.6 | |||||||||||
Both-sex love | 248 | 1.8 | |||||||||||
Not in love | 1756 | 12.9 | |||||||||||
Not responding | 333 | 2.5 | |||||||||||
Country | |||||||||||||
Belgium (French) | 1779 | 13.1 | 1464 | 13.3 | 27 | 12.3 | 25 | 10.1 | 222 | 12.6 | 41 | 12.3 | p < 0.001, |
Bulgaria | 1542 | 11.4 | 1306 | 11.8 | 61 | 27.9 | 38 | 15.3 | 115 | 6.5 | 22 | 6.6 | V = 0.173 |
Switzerland | 1692 | 12.5 | 1503 | 13.6 | 9 | 4.1 | 21 | 8.5 | 149 | 8.5 | 10 | 3.0 | |
England | 1442 | 10.6 | 748 | 6.8 | 23 | 10.5 | 37 | 14.9 | 578 | 32.9 | 56 | 16.8 | |
France | 1658 | 12.2 | 1365 | 12.4 | 34 | 15.5 | 33 | 13.3 | 207 | 11.8 | 19 | 5.7 | |
Hungary | 1085 | 8.0 | 853 | 7.7 | 4 | 1.8 | 16 | 6.5 | 129 | 7.3 | 83 | 24.9 | |
Iceland | 2980 | 21.9 | 2707 | 24.6 | 49 | 22.4 | 57 | 23.0 | 151 | 8.6 | 16 | 4.8 | |
North Macedonia | 1402 | 10.3 | 1078 | 9.8 | 12 | 5.5 | 21 | 8.5 | 205 | 11.7 | 86 | 25.8 | |
Gender | |||||||||||||
Boy | 6732 | 49.6 | 5622 | 51.0 | 96 | 43.8 | 70 | 28.2 | 762 | 43.4 | 182 | 54.7 | p < 0.001, |
Girl | 6848 | 50.4 | 5402 | 49.0 | 123 | 56.2 | 178 | 71.8 | 994 | 56.6 | 151 | 45.3 | V = 0.080 |
Relative FAS | |||||||||||||
Lowest 20 percent | 2828 | 20.8 | 2217 | 20.1 | 67 | 30.6 | 63 | 25.4 | 393 | 22.4 | 88 | 26.4 | p < 0.001, |
Medium 60 percent | 8127 | 59.8 | 6618 | 60.0 | 113 | 51.6 | 145 | 58.5 | 1070 | 60.9 | 181 | 54.4 | V = 0.037 |
Highest 20 percent | 2625 | 19.3 | 2189 | 19.9 | 39 | 17.8 | 40 | 16.1 | 293 | 16.7 | 64 | 19.2 |
OVERALL | Opposite-Gender Love | Same-Gender Love | Both-Gender Love | Not in Love | Not Responding | Assoc. 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % (RA) 1 | n | % (RA) | n | % (RA) | n | % (RA) | n | % (RA) | ||
Cigarette smoking in the last 30 days | 13,504 | ||||||||||||
No | 11,097 | 82.2 | 8933 | 81.5 | 150 | 69.4 | 164 | 66.4 | 1580 | 90.3 | 270 | 81.1 | p < 0.001, |
Yes | 2407 | 17.8 | 2025 | 18.5 | 66 | 30.6 | 83 | 33.6 | 170 | 9.7 | 63 | 18.9 | V = 0.105 |
Alcohol consumption in the last 30 days | 13,440 | ||||||||||||
No | 8348 | 62.1 | 6656 | 61.0 | 122 | 55.7 | 120 | 48.8 | 1214 | 70.0 | 236 | 70.7 | p < 0.001, |
Yes | 5092 | 37.9 | 4251 | 39.0 | 97 | 44.3 | 126 | 51.2 | 520 | 30.0 | 98 | 29.3 | V = 0.079 |
Drunkenness in the last 30 days | 13,471 | ||||||||||||
No | 11,680 | 86.7 | 9463 | 86.5 | 168 | 77.1 | 182 | 74.9 | 1587 | 90.8 | 280 | 87.0 | p < 0.001, |
Yes | 1791 | 13.3 | 1477 | 13.5 | 50 | 22.9 | 61 | 25.1 | 161 | 9.2 | 42 | 13.0 | V = 0.073 |
Cannabis use in the last 30 days | 12,109 | ||||||||||||
No | 11,159 | 92.2 | 9149 | 92.2 | 165 | 84.2 | 185 | 79.4 | 1522 | 94.5 | 138 | 91.4 | p < 0.001, |
Yes | 950 | 7.8 | 770 | 7.8 | 31 | 15.8 | 48 | 20.6 | 88 | 5.5 | 13 | 8.6 | V = 0.083 |
Multiple substance use in the last 30 days 3 | 13,580 | ||||||||||||
No | 11,499 | 84.7 | 9262 | 84.0 | 165 | 75.3 | 173 | 69.8 | 1610 | 91.7 | 289 | 86.8 | p < 0.001, |
Yes | 2081 | 15.3 | 1762 | 16.0 | 54 | 24.5 | 75 | 30.2 | 146 | 8.3 | 44 | 13.2 | V = 0.097 |
Univariate Model | Multivariate Model (Overall) | Multivariate Model Stratified for Gender | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COR 1 | p | (95% CI) | AOR 2 | p | (95% CI) | AOR | p | (95% CI) | AOR | p | (95% CI) | |
Cigarettes in the last 30 days | (n = 13,504) | (n = 13,504) | Boys (n = 6693) | Girls (n = 6811) | ||||||||
Opposite-gender love | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Same-gender love | 2.00 | <0.001 | (1.48–2.69) | 1.85 | <0.001 | (1.34–2.55) | 2.36 | <0.001 | (1.46–3.82) | 1.57 | <0.001 | (1.02–2.41) |
Both-gender love | 2.28 | <0.001 | (1.74–2.99) | 2.31 | <0.001 | (1.71–3.13) | 2.80 | <0.001 | (1.65–4.75) | 2.10 | <0.001 | (1.44–3.04) |
Not in love | 0.47 | <0.001 | (0.40–0.56) | 0.44 | <0.001 | (0.37–0.52) | 0.53 | <0.001 | (0.41–0.70) | 0.38 | <0.001 | (0.30–0.48) |
Not responding | 1.08 | 0.599 | (0.81–1.43) | 0.89 | 0.450 | (0.67–1.20) | 1.12 | 0.584 | (0.75–1.65) | 0.68 | 0.093 | (0.44–1.07) |
Alcohol in the last 30 days | (n = 13,440) | (n = 13,440) | Boys (n = 6693) | Girls (n = 6811) | ||||||||
Opposite-gender love | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Same-gender love | 1.27 | 0.093 | (0.96–1.66) | 1.20 | 0.230 | (0.89–1.63) | 1.66 | 0.036 | (1.03–2.66) | 0.97 | 0.880 | (0.64–1.46) |
Both-gender love | 1.67 | <0.001 | (1.29–2.15) | 1.80 | <0.001 | (1.33–2.43) | 1.08 | 0.784 | (0.64–1.81) | 2.15 | <0.001 | (1.50–3.08) |
Not in love | 0.67 | <0.001 | (0.60–0.75) | 0.52 | <0.001 | (0.46–0.59) | 0.56 | <0.001 | (0.47–0.67) | 0.49 | <0.001 | (0.42–0.58) |
Not responding | 0.66 | 0.001 | (0.52–0.84) | 0.48 | <0.001 | (0.38–0.62) | 0.57 | 0.001 | (0.41–0.79) | 0.37 | <0.001 | (0.26–0.56) |
Drunkenness in the last 30 days | (n = 13,471) | (n = 13,471) | Boys (n = 6693) | Girls (n = 6811) | ||||||||
Opposite-gender love | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Same-gender love | 1.92 | <0.001 | (1.39–2.67) | 1.81 | 0.001 | (1.28–2.55) | 2.42 | <0.001 | (1.48–3.96) | 1.38 | 0.204 | (0.84–2.28) |
Both-gender love | 2.20 | <0.001 | (1.63–2.96) | 2.19 | <0.001 | (1.59–3.02) | 1.93 | 0.016 | (1.13–3.31) | 2.25 | <0.001 | (1.51–3.34) |
Not in love | 0.65 | <0.001 | (0.55–0.77) | 0.51 | <0.001 | (0.43–0.61) | 0.55 | <0.001 | (0.42–0.72) | 0.47 | <0.001 | (0.37–0.60) |
Not responding | 0.98 | .879 | (0.70–1.36) | 0.68 | 0.021 | (0.48–0.94) | 0.71 | 0.120 | (0.46–1.09) | 0.63 | .090 | (0.37–1.07) |
Cannabis in the last 30 days | (n = 12,109) | (n = 12,109) | Boys (n = 5999) | Girls (n = 6110) | ||||||||
Opposite-gender love | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Same-gender love | 2.21 | <0.001 | (1.48–3.31) | 2.16 | 0.001 | (1.39–3.36) | 2.90 | 0.001 | (1.57–5.38) | 1.62 | 0.142 | (0.85–3.09) |
Both-gender love | 3.19 | <0.001 | (2.30–4.44) | 3.57 | <0.001 | (2.48–5.13) | 4.12 | <0.001 | (2.33–7.30) | 3.20 | <0.001 | (1.99–5.15) |
Not in love | 0.68 | 0.001 | (0.54–0.85) | 0.62 | <0.001 | (0.48–0.79) | 0.71 | 0.048 | (0.51–1.00) | 0.53 | 0.001 | (0.36–0.77) |
Not responding | 1.18 | 0.581 | (0.66–2.10) | 1.05 | 0.979 | (0.57–1.93) | 1.10 | 0.821 | (0.50–2.40) | 1.01 | 0.990 | (0.38–2.65) |
Univariate Model | Multivariate Model (Overall) | Multivariate Model Stratified for Sex | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 6693) | Girls (n = 6811) | |||||||||||
COR 1 | p | (95% CI) | AOR 2 | p | (95% CI) | AOR | p | (95% CI) | AOR | p | (95% CI) | |
Multiple substance use in the last 30 days 3 | ||||||||||||
Opposite-gender love | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
Same-gender love | 1.79 | <0.001 | (1.30–2.46) | 1.68 | 0.003 | (1.20–2.35) | 2.12 | 0.002 | (1.33–3.64) | 1.39 | 0.161 | (0.88–2.20) |
Both-gender love | 2.34 | <0.001 | (1.77–3.09) | 2.43 | <0.001 | (1.79–3.31) | 2.78 | <0.001 | (1.64–4.70) | 2.24 | <0.001 | (1.54–3.27) |
Not in love | 0.47 | <0.001 | (0.39–0.56) | 0.44 | <0.001 | (0.36–0.53) | 0.53 | <0.001 | (0.40–0.70) | 0.38 | <0.001 | (0.29–0.49) |
Not responding | 0.84 | 0.291 | (0.60–1.16) | 0.74 | 0.081 | (0.53–1.03) | 0.90 | 0.651 | (0.58–1.41) | 0.59 | 0.044 | (0.35–0.99) |
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Költő, A.; Cosma, A.; Young, H.; Moreau, N.; Pavlova, D.; Tesler, R.; Thorsteinsson, E.B.; Vieno, A.; Saewyc, E.M.; Nic Gabhainn, S. Romantic Attraction and Substance Use in 15-Year-Old Adolescents from Eight European Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173063
Költő A, Cosma A, Young H, Moreau N, Pavlova D, Tesler R, Thorsteinsson EB, Vieno A, Saewyc EM, Nic Gabhainn S. Romantic Attraction and Substance Use in 15-Year-Old Adolescents from Eight European Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(17):3063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173063
Chicago/Turabian StyleKöltő, András, Alina Cosma, Honor Young, Nathalie Moreau, Daryna Pavlova, Riki Tesler, Einar B. Thorsteinsson, Alessio Vieno, Elizabeth M. Saewyc, and Saoirse Nic Gabhainn. 2019. "Romantic Attraction and Substance Use in 15-Year-Old Adolescents from Eight European Countries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3063. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173063