Assessing Agreement in Exposure Classification between Proximity-Based Metrics and Air Monitoring Data in Epidemiology Studies of Unconventional Resource Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Air Quality Data
2.2. Well Data
2.3. Well Activity Metric Calculations
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Daily Mean * | Daily Maximum | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pollutant | Number of Monitors | Number of Observations ** | 25th Percentile | 50th Percentile | 75th Percentile | 25th Percentile | 50th Percentile | 75th Percentile |
Benzene (ppbv) | 15 | 3410 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.23 | -- | -- | -- |
CO (ppm) | 16 | 21,616 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.31 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
NO2 (ppb) | 21 | 28,777 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 10.6 | 8.0 | 15.0 | 24.0 |
O3 (ppb) | 53 | 80,620 | 20.7 | 27.8 | 34.8 | 30.0 | 38.0 | 47.0 |
PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 24 | 37,378 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 14.0 | 13.1 | 18.8 | 25.5 |
SO2 (ppb) | 25 | 38,449 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 4.0 | 8.0 |
Pollutant | Pad Preparation Metric | Drilling Metric | ||||||
Very Low | Low | Medium | High | Very Low | Low | Medium | High | |
Benzene | 264 km (34; 448) | 230 km (21; 450) | 184 km (11; 449) | 168 km (1; 439) | 257 km (39; 450) | 217 km (29; 450) | 196 km (12; 445) | 188 km (1; 439) |
CO | 245 km (37; 447) | 191 km (18; 450) | 215 km (9; 454) | 129 km (7; 454) | 244 km (36; 450) | 195 km (17; 454) | 240 km (10; 454) | 127 km (4; 449) |
NO2 | 253 km (22; 448) | 205 km (134; 352) | 184 km (11; 454) | 131 km (1; 454) | 249 km (36; 450) | 195 km (18; 450) | 194 km (11; 454) | 133 km (1; 449) |
O3 | 258 km (22; 460) | 197 km (16; 464) | 178 km (9; 464) | 136 km (0.6; 460) | 248 km (31; 464) | 189 km (18; 464) | 183 km (11; 459) | 136 km (0.6; 460) |
PM2.5 | 259 km (32; 460) | 213 km (19; 461) | 175 km (14; 464) | 147 km (1; 454) | 253 km (36; 460) | 201 km (26; 464) | 174 km (12; 464) | 142 km (1; 449) |
SO2 | 235 km (33; 460) | 181 km (18; 460) | 178 km (9; 459) | 126 km (2; 460) | 232 km (31; 460) | 186 km (17; 459) | 192 km (9; 459) | 119 km (2; 460) |
Fracturing Metric | Production Metric | |||||||
Very Low | Low | Medium | High | Very Low | Low | Medium | High | |
Benzene | 251 km (56; 448) | 220 km (27; 450) | 222 km (15; 445) | 146 km (1; 444) | 219 km (2; 441) | 212 km (3; 450) | 213 km (5; 450) | 221 km (0.3; 444) |
CO | 242 km (12; 450) | 212 km (25; 454) | 246 km (13; 454) | 144 km (2; 454) | 219 km (11; 441) | 205 km (11; 450) | 232 km (5; 450) | 247 km (0.8; 454) |
NO2 | 246 km (27; 450) | 203 km (25; 454) | 197 km (14; 454) | 129 km (0.3;454) | 212 km (11; 441) | 204 km (6; 450) | 201 km (5; 450) | 218 km (0.3; 454) |
O3 | 247 km (12; 464) | 195 km (13; 464) | 184 km (6; 464) | 140 km (0.3; 460) | 211 km (5; 458) | 196 km (0.9; 461) | 192 km (0.9; 464) | 218 km (0.3; 460) |
PM2.5 | 250 km (27; 464) | 205 km (25; 464) | 180 km (7; 464) | 165 km (1; 454) | 211 km (7; 455) | 194 km (0.9; 460) | 183 km (0.9; 464) | 221 km (0.6; 464) |
SO2 | 231 km (25; 460) | 191 km (7; 460) | 212 km (7; 459) | 132 km (2; 460) | 200 km (6; 458) | 199 km (5; 460) | 237 km (2; 460) | 256 km (2; 460) |
Pollutant | <10 km | <30 km | All | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kappa | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | Kappa | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | Kappa | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | |
Pad Preparation | |||||||||
Benzene | 0.1420 | 0.0326 | 0.2515 | −0.0631 | −0.1063 | −0.0200 | 0.0729 | 0.0484 | 0.0975 |
CO | 0.2495 | 0.1727 | 0.3263 | 0.0002 | −0.0184 | 0.0180 | 0.1816 | 0.1721 | 0.1911 |
NO2 | 0.0230 | −0.0233 | 0.0692 | −0.1448 | −0.1589 | −0.1306 | 0.0268 | 0.0185 | 0.0352 |
O3 | 0.0122 | −0.0090 | 0.0333 | 0.0258 | 0.0168 | 0.0349 | 0.0019 | −0.0031 | 0.0069 |
PM2.5 | 0.0460 | 0.0149 | 0.0771 | 0.0338 | 0.0195 | 0.0480 | −0.0272 | −0.0345 | −0.0199 |
SO2 | −0.0355 | −0.0750 | −0.0041 | −0.0417 | −0.0539 | −0.0295 | 0.0708 | 0.0637 | 0.0780 |
Drilling | |||||||||
Benzene | −0.0532 | −0.1433 | 0.0369 | −0.0746 | −0.1187 | −0.0305 | 0.0700 | 0.0456 | 0.0943 |
CO | −0.0187 | −0.0919 | 0.0544 | −0.0769 | −0.0940 | −0.0598 | 0.1697 | 0.1603 | 0.1792 |
NO2 | −0.1015 | −0.1405 | −0.0625 | −0.1541 | −0.1681 | −0.1401 | 0.0020 | −0.0062 | 0.0102 |
O3 | 0.0257 | 0.0032 | 0.0482 | 0.0270 | 0.0178 | 0.0362 | −0.0183 | −0.0233 | −0.0134 |
PM2.5 | −0.0232 | −0.0572 | 0.0108 | 0.0245 | 0.0100 | 0.0391 | −0.0331 | −0.0404 | −0.0259 |
SO2 | −0.0702 | −0.1038 | −0.0365 | −0.0506 | −0.0630 | −0.0383 | 0.0419 | 0.0348 | 0.0491 |
Fracturing | |||||||||
Benzene | -0.0175 | −0.1375 | 0.1025 | −0.1022 | −0.1488 | −0.0555 | 0.0535 | 0.0290 | 0.0779 |
CO | 0.0762 | -0.0124 | 0.1648 | −0.1074 | −0.1277 | −0.0872 | 0.1610 | 0.1515 | 0.1705 |
NO2 | −0.0449 | −0.1014 | 0.0116 | −0.1657 | −0.1814 | −0.1501 | −0.0166 | −0.0249 | −0.0084 |
O3 | 0.0187 | −0.0112 | 0.0485 | 0.0359 | 0.0253 | 0.0465 | 0.0017 | −0.0032 | 0.0067 |
PM2.5 | −0.0546 | −0.0958 | −0.0134 | 0.0087 | −0.0077 | 0.0251 | −0.0296 | −0.0369 | −0.0224 |
SO2 | −0.0843 | −0.1336 | −0.0349 | −0.0670 | −0.0817 | −0.0523 | 0.0112 | 0.0041 | 0.0183 |
Production | |||||||||
Benzene | −0.0554 | −0.1005 | −0.0104 | −0.1102 | −0.1446 | −0.0759 | -0.0141 | −0.0374 | 0.0091 |
CO | −0.1281 | −0.1511 | −0.1050 | 0.0595 | 0.0469 | 0.0720 | 0.1172 | 0.1077 | 0.1267 |
NO2 | −0.3324 | −0.3446 | −0.3203 | −0.1656 | −0.1760 | −0.1553 | −0.0509 | −0.0590 | −0.0428 |
O3 | 0.0187 | −0.0112 | 0.0485 | 0.0123 | 0.0057 | 0.0188 | −0.029 | −0.0344 | −0.0245 |
PM2.5 | 0.0454 | 0.0318 | 0.0590 | −0.0124 | −0.0228 | −0.0021 | −0.0488 | −0.0561 | −0.0416 |
SO2 | −0.1842 | −0.1969 | −0.1715 | −0.0927 | −0.1011 | −0.0842 | −0.0525 | −0.0596 | −0.0455 |
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Wendt Hess, J.; Bachler, G.; Momin, F.; Sexton, K. Assessing Agreement in Exposure Classification between Proximity-Based Metrics and Air Monitoring Data in Epidemiology Studies of Unconventional Resource Development. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173055
Wendt Hess J, Bachler G, Momin F, Sexton K. Assessing Agreement in Exposure Classification between Proximity-Based Metrics and Air Monitoring Data in Epidemiology Studies of Unconventional Resource Development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(17):3055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173055
Chicago/Turabian StyleWendt Hess, Judy, Gerald Bachler, Fayaz Momin, and Krystal Sexton. 2019. "Assessing Agreement in Exposure Classification between Proximity-Based Metrics and Air Monitoring Data in Epidemiology Studies of Unconventional Resource Development" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173055