Heavy Drinking and Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs among University Students: A 9-Year Follow-Up
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Population, and Sample
2.2. Data Collection Procedures
2.3. Definition of Variables
2.3.1. Independent Variables
2.3.2. Dependent Variable
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Percentages | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women (992) | Men (371) | |||||||
1 Time | 2 Times | 3 Times | 1 Time | 2 Times | 3 Times | |||
n = 323 | n = 344 | n = 325 | p-Value | n = 165 | n = 116 | n = 90 | p-Value | |
Age of onset of alcohol use | ||||||||
After 16 years old | 21.3 | 21.3 | 14.5 | 19.7 | 15.6 | 18.2 | ||
At 16 years old | 40.4 | 39.5 | 36.6 | 32.0 | 35.4 | 48.1 | ||
At 15 years old | 25.2 | 23.7 | 28.3 | 23.1 | 19.8 | 20.8 | ||
Before age of 15 years | 13.1 | 15.8 | 20.7 | 0.085 | 25.2 | 29.2 | 13.0 | 0.142 |
Risky consumption | 51.7 | 48.3 | 54.8 | 0.241 | 61.2 | 55.2 | 55.6 | 0.522 |
Heavy episodic drinking (%) | ||||||||
Never | 61.0 | 62.5 | 60.0 | 33.9 | 41.4 | 45.6 | ||
Less than once a month | 20.7 | 19.5 | 22.5 | 31.5 | 19.8 | 21.1 | ||
More frequently | 18.3 | 18.0 | 17.5 | 0.919 | 34.5 | 38.8 | 33.3 | 0.123 |
Cannabis consumption | 18.0 | 19.2 | 18.8 | 0.918 | 26.1 | 30.2 | 24.4 | 0.617 |
Percentage or Mean (95%CI) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | |||||
Initial | 2-Year | 9-Year | Initial | 2-Year | 9-Year | |
Risky consumption | 51.5 | 52.2 | 20.9 | 58.0 | 62.2 | 31.1 |
Heavy drinking | ||||||
Never | 61.2 | 56.4 | 60.0 | 39.1 | 34.5 | 45.6 |
Less than once a month | 20.9 | 26.9 | 22.5 | 25.3 | 26.7 | 21.1 |
More frequently | 17.9 | 16.7 | 17.5 | 35.6 | 38.8 | 33.4 |
Cannabis consumption | 18.6 | 16.1 | 4.0 | 27.0 | 19.9 | 8.9 |
Tobacco consumption | 31.0 | 19.4 | 16.9 | 27.5 | 19.4 | 10.1 |
Proportion of Subjects (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | |||||
at 18 Year | at 20 Year | at 27 Year | at 18 Year | at 20 Year | at 27 Year | |
Age of onset of use of alcohol | ||||||
After 16 years old | 12.2 | 19.2 | 40.0 | 15.5 | 10.3 | 35.7 |
At 16 | 17.0 | 19.0 | 36.6 | 16.9 | 14.1 | 16.2 |
At 15 | 23.5 | 24.7 | 43.6 | 8.7 | 17.1 | 31.2 |
Before the age of 15 | 26.8 * | 27.6 | 45.6 | 18.7 | 15.8 | 40.0 |
Alcohol risky consumption | ||||||
No | 15.8 | 18.4 | 37.0 | 14.7 | 16.9 | 29.0 |
Yes | 21.7 * | 26.1 * | 50.5 * | 15.3 | 14.0 | 25.0 |
Heavy drinking | ||||||
Never | 16.3 | 21.2 | 36.2 | 15.9 | 16.9 | 35.1 |
Less than once a month | 21.7 | 21.7 | 48.1 | 13.8 | 18.2 | 22.9 |
More frequently | 24.2 * | 27.7 | 43.8 | 15.2 | 11.2 | 22.2 |
Cannabis use | ||||||
No | 17.1 | 20.9 | 39.7 | 14.4 | 15.2 | 30.5 |
Yes | 26.5 * | 30.6 * | 38.5 | 17.0 | 14.6 | |
Tobacco use | ||||||
No | 17.7 | 21.7 | 35.2 | 14.1 | 12.7 | 29.6 |
Yes | 21.4 | 25.4 | 58.2 * | 17.6 | 25.0 * | 11.1 |
Total | 18.9 | 22.4 | 39.7 | 15.1 | 15.0 | 27.8 |
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Females | Males | ||
Bivariate | Multivariate a | Bivariate | |
Age of onset of use of alcohol | |||
Before the age of 15 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
At 15 | 0.85 (0.62–1.18) | 0.89 (0.64–1.24) | 0.66 (0.33–1.32) |
At 16 | 0.59 (0.43–0.80) | 0.63 (0.48–0.90) | 0.81 (0.46–1.45) |
After 16 years old | 0.49 (0.33–0.72) | 0.66 (0.42–0.94) | 0.81 (0.40–1.62) |
Alcohol risky consumption | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.31 (1.06–1.62) | 1.43 (1.10–1.86) | 0.86 (0.57–1.30) |
Heavy drinking | |||
Never | 1 | 1 | |
Less than once a month | 1.27 (0.99–1.64) | 0.89 (0.54–1.49) | |
More frequently | 1.38 (1.04–1.84) | 0.75 (0.46–1.22) | |
Cannabis use | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.48 (1.13–1.93) | 1.33 (0.99–1.81) | 0.96 (0.59–1.58) |
Tobacco use | |||
No | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.23 (0.97–1.56) | 1.36 (0.85–2.17) | |
Age of the subjects | |||
18 years-old | 1 | 1 | 1 |
20 years-old | 1.24 (0.98–1.56) | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | 1.00 (0.62–1.61 |
27 years-old | 2.83 (2.16–1.73) | 3.45 (2.50–4.74) | 2.16 (1.25–3.73) |
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Busto Miramontes, A.; Moure-Rodríguez, L.; Díaz-Geada, A.; Rodríguez-Holguín, S.; Corral, M.; Cadaveira, F.; Caamaño-Isorna, F. Heavy Drinking and Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs among University Students: A 9-Year Follow-Up. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162939
Busto Miramontes A, Moure-Rodríguez L, Díaz-Geada A, Rodríguez-Holguín S, Corral M, Cadaveira F, Caamaño-Isorna F. Heavy Drinking and Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs among University Students: A 9-Year Follow-Up. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162939
Chicago/Turabian StyleBusto Miramontes, Alicia, Lucía Moure-Rodríguez, Ainara Díaz-Geada, Socorro Rodríguez-Holguín, Montserrat Corral, Fernando Cadaveira, and Francisco Caamaño-Isorna. 2019. "Heavy Drinking and Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs among University Students: A 9-Year Follow-Up" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162939