Association between Anemia and Cognitive Impairment among Elderly Patients with Heart Failure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
2.2.2. Anemia
2.2.3. Cognitive Impairment
2.3. Ethical Considerations and Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence of Anemia According to Patients’ Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment According to Patients’ Anemic Status
3.3. Influence of Anemia on Cognitive Impairment among Older Adults with HF
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total (n = 181) | Anemia (n = 64) | Non-anemia (n = 117) | χ2 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or Mean ± SD | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Age (yrs) | 70.01 ± 7.62 | ||||
60–69 | 100 (55.2) | 19 (19.0) | 91 (91.0) | 27.002 | < 0.001 |
70–79 | 52 (28.7) | 27 (51.9) | 25 (48.1) | ||
≥ 80 | 29 (16.0) | 18 (62.1) | 11 (37.9) | ||
Gender | |||||
Men | 136 (75.1) | 41 (30.1) | 95 (69.9) | 6.052 | 0.011 |
Women | 45 (24.9) | 23 (51.1) | 22 (48.9) | ||
Education | |||||
≤ Elementary school | 82 (45.3) | 38 (46.3) | 44 (53.7) | 8.315 | 0.016 |
≥ Middle School | 99 (54.7) | 26 (26.3) | 73 (73.7) | ||
Living with partner, yes | 143 (79.0) | 46 (32.2) | 97 (67.8) | 3.035 | 0.081 |
Monthly Income (10,000 KRW) | |||||
< 100 | 114 (63.0) | 48 (42.1) | 66 (57.9) | 6.132 | 0.013 |
≥ 100 | 67 (37.0) | 16 (23.9) | 51 (76.1) | ||
NYHA class | |||||
I | 56 (30.9) | 18 (32.1) | 38 (67.9) | 1.462 | 0.481 |
II | 106 (58.6) | 37 (34.9) | 69 (65.1) | ||
III–IV | 19 (10.5) | 9 (47.4) | 10 (52.6) | ||
Period after HF diagnosis (yrs) | 5.02 ± 14.84 | ||||
< 5 | 19 (10.5) | 11 (57.9) | 8 (42.1) | 3.68 | 0.055 |
≥ 5 | 162 (89.5) | 53 (32.7) | 109 (67.3) | ||
HTN, yes | 88 (4.6) | 37 (42.0) | 51 (58.0) | 3.35 | 0.067 |
DM, yes | 55 (30.4) | 20 (36.4) | 35 (63.6) | 0.035 | 0.952 |
CAD, yes | 136 (75.1) | 46 (33.8) | 90 (66.2) | 0.564 | 0.453 |
LVEF (%) | 42.81 ± 9.33 | ||||
≤ 40 | 63 (34.8) | 25 (39.7) | 38 (60.3) | 0.79 | 0.374 |
> 40 | 118 (65.2) | 39 (33.1) | 79 (66.9) | ||
ACEI/ARB, yes | 67 (37.0) | 21 (31.3) | 46 (68.7) | 1.189 | 0.276 |
Beta blocker, yes | 117 (64.6) | 23 (35.9) | 41 (64.1) | 0.014 | 0.904 |
Lasix, yes | 64 (35.4) | 36 (30.8) | 81 (69.2) | 3.05 | 0.081 |
Cognitive Function | Total (n = 181) | Anemia (n = 64) | Non-anemia (n = 117) | χ2 or t | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or Mean ± SD | n (%) or Mean ± SD | n (%) or Mean ± SD | |||
3MS score | 84.49 ± 9.90 | 78.64 ± 11.61 | 86.13±7.68 | 23.052 | <0.001 |
< 80 (Impairment) | 64 (35.4) | 39 (60.9) | 29 (24.8) | 4.635 | <0.0001 |
≥ 80 (Normal) | 117 (64.6) | 25 (39.1) | 88 (75.2) |
Variables | Categories | Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | ||
Age (yrs) | ≤ 79 | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.041 |
≥ 80 | 9.115 (3.477–23.891) | 3.208 (1.048–9.818) | |||
Gender | Men | 1 | 0.005 | 1 | 0.684 |
Women | 2.703 (1.356–5.391) | 1.194 (0.508–2.809) | |||
Education | ≥ Middle School | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | < 0.001 |
≤ Elementary school | 7.935 (3.992–15.775) | 4.918 (2.195–11.020) | |||
Monthly Income (KRW) | ≥ 1,000,000 | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | 0.239 |
< 1,000,000 | 4.425 (2.145–9.132) | 1.703 (0.702–4.130) | |||
Anemic status | Non-anemia | 1 | < 0.001 | 1 | < 0.001 |
Anemia | 4.734 (2.460–9.108) | 4.268 (1.898–9.593) |
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Kim, E.Y.; Son, Y.-J. Association between Anemia and Cognitive Impairment among Elderly Patients with Heart Failure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162933
Kim EY, Son Y-J. Association between Anemia and Cognitive Impairment among Elderly Patients with Heart Failure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162933
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Eun Young, and Youn-Jung Son. 2019. "Association between Anemia and Cognitive Impairment among Elderly Patients with Heart Failure" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162933