Low Birthweight Is Associated with Higher Risk of High Blood Pressure in Chinese Girls: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Participants’ Engagement
2.2. Birthweight Data
2.3. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Blood Pressure Measurement
2.5. Measurements Classifications
2.6. Questionnaire Data Collection
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HBP | high blood pressure |
SBP | systolic blood pressure |
DBP | diastolic blood pressure |
BMI | body mass index |
LBW | low birthweight |
NBW | normal birthweight |
NHBPEP | National High Blood Pressure Education Program |
References
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Variable | Normal Birthweight | Low Birthweight | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
n = 43,220 | n = 2099 | ||
Male, n (%) | 21,377 (49.46%) | 1014 (48.31%) | |
Age (year) | 10.6 ± 3.3 | 10.4 ± 3.3 | 0.020 |
Birthweight (g) | 3263.3 ± 356.4 | 2050.6 ± 333.3 | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 144.6 ± 16.8 | 142.2 ± 17.0 | <0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 40.0 ± 15.3 | 37.6 ± 14.3 | <0.001 |
Current BMI (kg/m2) | 18.4 ± 3.7 | 17.9 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
BMI group, n (%) | |||
Normal/underweight | 33,212 (76.84%) | 1709 (81.42%) | <0.001 |
Overweight/obese | 10,008 (23.16%) | 390 (18.58%) | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 104.3 ± 12.1 | 103.3 ± 12.4 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 66.3 ± 8.8 | 65.6 ± 9.2 | <0.001 |
Urban residence, n (%) | 26,793 (61.99%) | 1463 (69.70%) | <0.001 |
Daily physical activity (hours/day) | 3.2 ± 2.6 | 3.6 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
Family history of hypertension, n (%) | 19,202 (52.15%) | 736 (49.20%) | 0.025 |
The only child of the family, n (%) | 30,791 (71.24%) | 1443 (68.75%) | 0.014 |
Breastfeeding ≥ 1 month, n (%) | 31,502 (84.61%) | 1159 (76.20%) | <0.001 |
Gender | Age Group | Normal Birthweight | Low Birthweight | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Observations | HBP Prevalence, N (%) | Number of Observations | HBP Prevalence, N (%) | |||
Boys | 6–8 | 7269 | 626 (8.61) | 412 | 35 (8.50) | 0.934 |
9–11 | 5877 | 720 (12.25) | 279 | 28 (10.04) | 0.268 | |
12–15 | 4816 | 397 (8.24) | 182 | 21 (11.54) | 0.115 | |
16–18 | 3415 | 196 (5.74) | 141 | 10 (7.09) | 0.500 | |
Total | 21,037 | 1939 (9.07) | 1014 | 94 (9.27) | 0.829 | |
Girls | 6–8 | 7096 | 645 (9.09) | 331 | 32 (9.67) | 0.721 |
9–11 | 5389 | 702 (13.03) | 263 | 37 (14.07) | 0.625 | |
12–15 | 5155 | 373 (7.24) | 273 | 27 (9.89) | 0.102 | |
16–18 | 4203 | 110 (2.62) | 218 | 7 (3.21) | 0.594 | |
Total | 21,843 | 1830 (8.38) | 1085 | 103 (9.49) | 0.197 |
Sex | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Total (n = 45,319) | ||||||
NBW | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
LBW | 1.02 (0.89, 1.18) | 0.743 | 1.14 (0.97, 1.35) | 0.119 | 1.16 (0.98, 1.37) | 0.087 |
Boys (n = 22,391) | ||||||
NBW | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
LBW | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 0.468 | 1.03 (0.81, 1.31) | 0.809 | 1.05 (0.83, 1.34) | 0.672 |
Girls (n = 22,928) | ||||||
NBW | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | |||
LBW | 1.16 (0.95, 1.41) | 0.151 | 1.27 (1.01, 1.61) | 0.045 | 1.29 (1.02, 1.64) | 0.033 |
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Wang, X.; Dong, Y.; Zou, Z.; Ma, J.; Yang, Z.; Gao, D.; Li, Y.; Nguyen, M.T. Low Birthweight Is Associated with Higher Risk of High Blood Pressure in Chinese Girls: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2898. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162898
Wang X, Dong Y, Zou Z, Ma J, Yang Z, Gao D, Li Y, Nguyen MT. Low Birthweight Is Associated with Higher Risk of High Blood Pressure in Chinese Girls: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2898. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162898
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xijie, Yanhui Dong, Zhiyong Zou, Jun Ma, Zhaogeng Yang, Di Gao, Yanhui Li, and Minh Thien Nguyen. 2019. "Low Birthweight Is Associated with Higher Risk of High Blood Pressure in Chinese Girls: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2898. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162898