Survival of Microorganisms on Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices Used at Agricultural Facilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Model Study
2.1.1. Filtering Nonwovens
2.1.2. Microorganisms
2.1.3. Thermal and Humidity Conditioning
2.1.4. Deposition of Organic and Inorganic Dust on Filtering Nonwovens
2.1.5. Acidic and Alkaline Sweat
2.1.6. Assessment of Microorganism Survival on Filtering Nonwovens
2.2. Study at Workplaces
2.2.1. Filtering Facepiece Respirators
2.2.2. Ambient Conditions at the Workplace
2.2.3. Analysis of Dust Fractions Suspended in the Air
2.2.4. Microbiological Analysis of Air, Sedimented Dust and FFRs
2.2.5. Mathematical and Statistical Calculations
3. Results
3.1. Model Study
3.2. Study at Workplaces
3.2.1. Analysis of Dust Fractions in the Air
3.2.2. Microbiological Analysis of Air, Sedimented Dust and FFRs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Nonwoven Type | Thickness * (mm) | Surface Mass ** (g/m2) | Paraffin Oil Mist Penetration *** (%) | Air Flow Resistance **** (Pa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | electret Polypropylene melt-blown nonwovens (PPQ) | 1.73 ± 0.13 | 75.8 ± 9.9 | 7.33 ± 1.91 | 200 ± 31 |
2. | composite electret Polypropylene melt-blown nonwovens (CPPQ) | 2.97 ± 0.18 | 135.3 ± 6.5 | 1.50 ± 0.17 | 361 ± 16 |
Mass of Dust Deposited in the Nonwoven (mg/sample) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Dust from the Composting Plant | Dust from the Cement Plant | ||
2 min (deposition time) | 4 min (deposition time) | 2 min (deposition time) | 4 min (deposition time) |
X: 24.6 | X: 51.2 | X: 33.6 | X: 60.6 |
SD: 10.4 | SD:24.7 | SD: 10,9 | SD:15.9 |
No. | Study Location | Type of Work Performed at Workstation | Type of Sample Taken at Workstation | Microclimate Conditions |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Cultivated field (2.7 ha), indoor working premises, Odolin, Lodz voivodeship, Poland (DMS: 52°10′44.271′′ N 19°36′27.669′′ E) | A—combine harvester operator—open cab without glazing (wheat harvesting and pouring grain onto a trailer with the use of a feeder) | Air: X prior, Y during working the fields | T: 385 RH: 27.8 W: 0.87 |
Dust: I dust sedimented on the combine, II dust gathered behind the combine (from the rear end of the machine) | ||||
B—tractor driver (grain transport to the site of collection and storage on the farm premises) | Air: X prior, Y during working inside the premises | T: 35.6 RH: 30.9 W: 0.1 | ||
Dust: III sedimented on the premises | ||||
2. | Cultivated field (5.2 ha), indoor working premises, Wola Miłkowska, Lodz voivodeship, Poland (DMS: 51°48′42.452′′ N 18°36′15.331′′ E) | A—combine harvester operator—closed cab with glazing (wheat harvesting and pouring grain onto a trailer with the use of a feeder) | Air: X prior, Y during working the fields | T: 33.2 RH: 34.9 W: 0.22 |
Dust: I dust sedimented on the combine, II dust gathered behind the combine (from the rear end of the machine) | ||||
B—tractor driver (grain transport to the site of collection and storage on the working premises, straw baling) | Air: X prior, Y during working inside the premises | T: 28.8 RH: 42 W: 0.15 | ||
Dust: III sedimented on the premises |
Microorganism | Growth Parameters | Factors | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII | VIII | IX | ||
B. subtilis | λstat (hours) | 22.28 | 18.17 | 32.64 | 24.53 | 19.01 | 10.86 | 14.57 | 18.37 | 2.61 |
tstat (hours) | 5.93 | 7.15 | 8.08 | 2.95 | 5.71 | 6.22 | 6.10 | 7.43 | 3.98 | |
Ymax (log CFU/4 cm2) | 3.03 | 3.24 | 1.28 | 1.01 | 2.40 | 3.03 | 2.93 | 2.50 | 0.57 | |
E. coli | λstat (hours) | 4.69 | 1,00 | 5.72 | 3.42 | 1.00 | 8.00 | 19.99 | 20.22 | 3.38 |
tstat (hours) | 8.19 | 8.53 | 6.49 | 3.01 | 11.89 | 4.18 | 4.19 | 4.31 | 5.83 | |
Ymax (log CFU/4 cm2) | 0.95 | 2.68 | 0.66 | 0.22 | 0.99 | 0.63 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 0.20 | |
S. aureus | λstat (hours) | 4.21 | 10.34 | 2.45 | 0.34 | 7.21 | 30.62 | 1.36 | 3.77 | nb |
tstat (hours) | 8.54 | 17.87 | 9.80 | 11.76 | 6.66 | 9.16 | 18.51 | 8.88 | nb | |
Ymax (log CFU/4 cm2) | 0.92 | 0.52 | 0.16 | 1.39 | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 0.44 | 0.21 | |
A. niger | λstat (hours) | 43.79 | 1.94 | 2.22 | 10.69 | 3.17 | 1.18 | 19.56 | 17.52 | 3.29 |
tstat (hours) | 4.81 | 5.31 | 7.44 | 4.51 | 4.92 | 12.98 | 9.15 | 9.89 | 9.13 | |
Ymax (log CFU/4 cm2) | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.60 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.40 | |
C. albicans | λstat (hours) | 46.77 | 7.81 | 1.18 | 1.91 | 3.56 | 0.59 | 16.76 | 4.92 | 4.13 |
tstat (hours) | 4.18 | 12.41 | 11.35 | 8.37 | 4.66 | 8.68 | 9.24 | 10.63 | 4.57 | |
Ymax (log CFU/4 cm2) | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.07 |
Workplace | Sample Type | Airborne Dust Mass Concentrations Corresponding to Particle Size Fractions (mg/m3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM1 | PM2.5 | PM4 | PM10 | PMtotal | ||
1A | X | M: 0.09 a | M: 0.09 a | M: 0.09 a | M: 0.13 b | M: 0.23 b |
SD: 0.15 | SD: 0.16 | SD: 0.16 | SD: 0.27 | SD: 0.60 | ||
Y | M: 2.47 a,* | M: 2.50 a,* | M: 2.63 a,* | M: 4.79 a,* | M: 10.62 a,* | |
SD: 3.72 | SD: 3.75 | SD: 3.92 | SD: 6.98 | SD: 15.90 | ||
1B | X | M: 0.07 a | M: 0.07 a | M: 0.07 a | M: 0.08 a | M: 0.10 a |
SD: 0.02 | SD: 0.02 | SD: 0.02 | SD: 0.04 | SD: 0.09 | ||
Y | M: 2.53 a,* | M: 2.56 a,* | M: 2.70 a,* | M: 4.76 a,* | M: 10.25 a,* | |
SD: 1.98 | SD: 2.00 | SD: 2.10 | SD: 3.65 | SD: 7.87 | ||
2A | X | M: 0.79 c | M: 0.80 c | M: 0.84 c | M: 1.57 d | M: 3.29 d |
SD: 0.32 | SD: 0.32 | SD: 0.34 | SD: 0.68 | SD: 1.41 | ||
Y | M: 1.93 a,* | M: 1.94 a,* | M: 2.03 a,* | M: 3.52 a,* | M: 7.22 a,* | |
SD: 1.65 | SD: 1.66 | SD: 1.73 | SD: 2.83 | SD: 5.88 | ||
2B | X | M: 0.16 b | M: 0.16 b | M: 0.18 b | M: 0.31 c | M: 0.52 c |
SD: 0.17 | SD: 0.18 | SD: 0.20 | SD: 0.40 | SD: 0.74 | ||
Y | M: 2.01 a,* | M: 2.02 a,* | M: 2.05 a,* | M: 2.83 a,* | M: 6.05 a,* | |
SD: 3.73 | SD: 3.74 | SD: 3.77 | SD: 4.76 | SD: 9.77 |
Workplace | Sample Type | Microorganism Number (CFU/m3) | |
---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | Fungi | ||
1A | X | M: 6.3 × 103 | M: 1.7 × 104 |
SD: 1.2 × 103 | SD: 6.3 × 103 | ||
Y | M: 2.5 × 104 * | M: 6.9 × 103 | |
SD: 9.2 × 103 | SD: 2.5 × 103 | ||
1B | X | M: 1.6 × 104 | M: 4.5 × 103 |
SD: 4.9 × 103 | SD: 7.4 × 102 | ||
Y | M: 7.2 × 104 | M: 7.2 × 104 | |
SD: 5.9 × 104 | SD: 5.9 × 104 | ||
2A | X | M: 5.4 × 103 | M: 6.6 × 103 |
SD: 3.2 × 103 | SD: 5.8 × 103 | ||
Y | M: 7.5 × 103 | M: 5.7 × 103 | |
SD: 1.8 × 103 | SD: 2.0 × 103 | ||
2B | X | M: 8.0 × 103 | M: 3.9 × 103 |
SD: 3.4 × 103 | SD: 1.3 × 103 | ||
Y | M: 3.4 × 104 | M: 6.7 × 103 | |
SD: 9.9 × 103 | SD: 3.8 × 103 |
Marked Microorganisms | Microorganism Number (CFU/g) | ||
---|---|---|---|
A/I | A/II | B/III | |
Bacteria | M: 3.1 × 106 a | M: 3.3 × 106 a | M: 3.1 × 106 a |
SD: 1.8 × 106 | SD: 5.7 × 105 | SD: 5.4 × 105 | |
Actinomycetes | M: 2.7 × 106 a | M: 2.7 × 106 a | M: 2.0 × 106 a |
SD: 1.3 × 106 | SD: 2.0 × 106 | SD: 5.2 × 105 | |
Staphylococci spp.* | M: 7.4 × 104 a | M: 3.8 × 104 b | M: 6.7 × 104 a,b |
SD: 1.3 × 104 | SD: 1.9 × 104 | SD: 3.5 × 104 | |
Pseudomonas fluorescens | M: 4.4 × 106 a | M: 4.5 × 106 a | M: 4.1 × 106 a |
SD: 1.4 × 106 | SD: 1.3 × 106 | SD: 4.7 × 105 | |
Fungi | M: 1.2 × 105 a | M: 2.8 × 104 b | M: 8.1 × 104 b |
SD: 3.7 × 104 | SD: 1.5 × 104 | SD: 3.5 × 104 | |
Xerophilic Fungi | M: 2.0 × 105 a | M: 3.4 × 104 b | M: 1.1 × 105 a |
SD: 8.1 × 104 | SD: 1.4 × 104 | SD: 4.7 × 104 |
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Jachowicz, A.; Majchrzycka, K.; Szulc, J.; Okrasa, M.; Gutarowska, B. Survival of Microorganisms on Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices Used at Agricultural Facilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162819
Jachowicz A, Majchrzycka K, Szulc J, Okrasa M, Gutarowska B. Survival of Microorganisms on Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices Used at Agricultural Facilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162819
Chicago/Turabian StyleJachowicz, Anita, Katarzyna Majchrzycka, Justyna Szulc, Małgorzata Okrasa, and Beata Gutarowska. 2019. "Survival of Microorganisms on Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices Used at Agricultural Facilities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162819