Ahuja et al., 2015 [79] | USA | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant websites, meal samples, lab analyses | 2010–2013 | 2: sodium (mg), sodium density (mg/100 g) | 4 QSR chains |
Astiasarán et al., 2017 [80] | Spain | Cross-sectional | Lab analysis of fries using gas chromatography | 2017 | 4: energy (kcal), energy density (kcal/100 g), fat (g), TFA (g/100 g fat) | 5 QSR chains |
Auchincloss et al., 2014 [81] | USA | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant websites | 2011 | 4: energy (kcal), saturated fat (g), sodium (mg), sodium density (mg/1000 kcal) | 21 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
Bauer et al., 2012 [82] | USA | Longitudinal | Menu info from restaurant websites analyzed by University of Minnesota Nutrient Database | 2006–2010 | 3: energy (kcal), saturated fat (g), sodium (mg) | 8 QSR chains |
Bleich et al., 2015 [83] | USA | Longitudinal | MenuStat Database | 2012–2013 | 1: energy (kcal) | 66 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
Bleich et al., 2016 [84] | USA | Longitudinal | MenuStat Database | 2012–2014 | 1: energy (kcal) | 66 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
Bleich et al., 2017 [85] | USA | Longitudinal | MenuStat Database | 2008 and 2012–2015 | 1: energy (kcal) | 44 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
Brindal et al., 2008 [86] | Australia | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant websites, onsite visits, phone calls | 2005 | 3: energy (kcal), fat (g), saturated fat (g) | 6 QSR chains |
Bruemmer et al., 2012 [87] | USA | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant onsite visits and audits | 2009–2010 | 3: energy (kcal), saturated fat (g), sodium (mg) | 37 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
Chand et al., 2012 [88] | New Zealand | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant websites, onsite visits, phone calls | 2010–2011 | 5: energy (kJ), fat (g), saturated fat (g), sugar (g), sodium (mg) | 12 QSR chains |
Cohen et al., 2016 [78] | USA | Cross-sectional | Menustat Database and Delphi method to survey nutrition experts (n = 15) about ideal portion size for children’s menu items | 2012–2016 | 2: energy (kcal), portion size | 200 QSR, FCR and FSR and non-chain restaurants |
Deierlein et al., 2015 [89] | USA | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant websites | 2010 and 2014 | 6: energy (kcal), energy from fat (%), fat (g), saturated fat (g), energy from saturated fat (%), sodium (mg) | 29 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
Dunford et al., 2010 [90] | Australia | Cross-sectional | Survey of menu info from restaurant websites | 2009 | 5: energy (kcal), fat (g), saturated fat (g), sugar (g), sodium (mg) | 9 QSR chains |
Dunford et al., 2012 [91] | Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, UK, USA | Cross-sectional | Survey of menu info from restaurant websites | 2010 | 2: salt (mg), sodium density (mg/100 g) | 6 QSR chains |
Eissa et al., 2017 [92] | USA | Cross-sectional | MenStat Database | 2012–2014 | 5: fat (g), saturated fat (g), TFA (g), sugar (g), portion size (g) | 42 QSR and FSR chains |
Eyles et al., 2018 [93] | New Zealand | Cross-sectional | Annual surveys of menu info from restaurant websites | 2012–2016 | 4: energy (kJ), energy density (kJ/100 g), sodium (mg), portion size (g) | 10 QSR chins |
Garcia et al., 2014 [94] | Australia | Cross-sectional | Survey of menu info from restaurant websites | 2009–2012 | 2: sodium (mg), sodium density (mg/100 g and mg/serving) | 6 QSR chains |
Garemo and Naimi, 2018 [95] | UAE | Cross-sectional | Children’s menus collected and analyzed combined with onsite visits to question restaurant staff | 2016 | 3: energy (kcal), fat (g), sugar (g) | 58 restaurants |
Hearst et al., 2013 [96] | USA | Sequential cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant websites analyzed by University of Minnesota Nutrient Database | 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010 | 3: energy (kcal), sodium (g), saturated fat (g) | 8 QSR chains |
Heredia-Blonval et al., 2014 [97] | Costa Rica | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant websites | 2013 | 3: energy (kcal), salt (mg), sodium density (mg/100 g and mg/serving) | 7 QSR chains |
Hobin et al., 2014 [98] | Australia, Canada, New Zealand, UK, USA | Cross-sectional | Children’s menu info from restaurant websites or phone calls | 2012 | 5: energy (kcal), fat (g), saturated fat (g), sodium (mg), serving size (g) | 4 QSR chains |
Jacobson et al., 2013 [99] | USA | Longitudinal | Menu info from restaurant websites | 2005–2011 | 1: sodium (g) | 16 QSR and FCR chains |
Jarlenski et al., 2016 [100] | USA | Longitudinal | MenuStat Database | 2012–2014 | 4: energy (kcal), fat (g), saturated fat (g), sugar (g) | 37 QSR and FCR chains |
Khan et al., 2018 [101] | Australia, Egypt, India, USA | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant websites or print materials | 2015 | 2: energy (kcal), sodium density (g/100 g) | 3 QSR chains |
Kirkpatrick et al., 2013 [102] | USA | Cross-sectional | Children’s menu info from restaurant websites | 2008–2009 | 5: energy (kcal), energy from fat (%), energy from added sugars (%), saturated fat (g), sodium (g) | 5 QSR chains |
Mazariegos et al., 2016 [103] | Guatemala | Cross-sectional | Children’s menu info from restaurant websites, onsite visits or phone calls | 2016 | 6: energy (kcal), sodium (mg), sugar (g), TFA (g), saturated fat (%), energy from fat (%) | 6 QSR chains |
Moran et al., 2017 [104] | USA | Cross-sectional | Children’s menu items from MenuStat Database | 2012–2015 | 3: energy (kcal), sodium (mg), saturated fat (g) | 45 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
O’Donnell et al., 2008 [105] | USA | Cross-sectional | Menu items from restaurant websites and phone calls | 2007 | 6: energy (kcal), fat (g), energy from fat (%), saturated fat (g), sugars (g), sodium (mg) | 10 QSR chains |
Prentice et al., 2015 [106] | New Zealand | Cross-sectional | Menu items from restaurant websites | 2008–2009 | 1: sodium (mg) | 8 QSR chains |
Reeves et al., 2011 [107] | England | Cross-sectional | Menu items from restaurant websites | 2009 | 4: energy (kcal), fat (g), sodium (mg), portion size (g) | 7 QSR chains and 15 non-chain FSR |
Roberts et al., [108] | Brazil, China, Finland, Ghana, India, USA | Cross-sectional | Menu items from restaurant websites, onsite visits, and lab analysis of selected items using bomb calorimetry | 2014 and 2017 | 2: energy (kcal), energy density (kcal/g) | 111 QSR and FSR chains |
Rudelt et al., 2014 [109] | USA | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant websites analyzed by University of Minnesota Nutrient Database | 2000 and 2009/2010 | 1: sodium (mg) | 8 QSR chains |
Schoffman et al., 2016 [110] | USA | Cross-sectional | MenuStat Database | 2014 | 1: energy (kcal) | 62 QSR and FCR chains |
Scourboutakos and L’Abbé, 2012 [111] | Canada | Cross-sectional | Menu items from restaurant websites | 2010 | 3: energy (kcal), energy density (% kcal/100 g food), portion size (g) | 85 QSR and FSR chains |
Scourboutakos et al., 2013 [112] | Canada | Cross-sectional | Menu items from restaurant websites | 2910–2011 | 5: energy (kcal), fat (g), saturated fat (g), TFA (g), sodium (mg) | 19 FSR chains |
Scourboutakos et al., 2016 [113] | Canada | Cross-sectional | Menu items from restaurant websites | 2010 | 2: total sugar (g), added sugar (g) | 17 QSR and FSR chains |
Scourboutakos and L’Abbé, 2013 [114] | Canada | Cross-sectional | Canadian MENU-Food Label Information Program (FLIP) Database of nutrition info of restaurant menu items | 2010 | 1: sodium (mg) | 85 QSR and FSR chains |
Scourboutakos et al., 2018 [115] | Canada | Longitudinal | Menu items from restaurant websites | 2010–2016 | 1: sodium (mg) | 12 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
Scourboutakos et al., 2014 [116] | Canada | Longitudinal | Menu items from restaurant websites | 2010–2013 | 4: energy (kcal), sodium (mg), sodium density (mg/100 g), portion size (g) | 61 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
Sliwa et al., 2016 [117] | USA | Cross-sectional | Children’s menu info from restaurant websites | 2014 | 5: energy (kcal), fat (g), saturated fat (g), sodium (mg), portion size (g) | 20 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
Soo et al., 2018 [118] | USA | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant signs and menu boards | 2010 and 2013 | 5: energy (kcal), saturated fat (g), sugar (g), sodium (mg), portion size (g) | 4 QSR chains |
Stender et al., 2006 [119] | Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Hungary Finland, France Germany, Italy Netherlands, Norway Peru, Poland Portugal, Russia Scotland, Spain South Africa, Sweden, USA | Cross-sectional | Lab analysis of two items (i.e., chicken and fries) at each restaurant chain using gas chromatography | 2004 and 2005 | 1: TFA (g) | 2 QSR chains |
Uechi, 2018 [120] | Japan | Cross-sectional | Children’s menu info from restaurant websites | 2017 | 4: energy (kJ), sugar (g), fat (g), sodium (mg) | 20 restaurant chains |
Urban et al., 2014 [121] | USA | Longitudinal | Children’s menu info from restaurant websites | 2000–2013 | 4: energy (kcal), sodium (mg), saturated fat (g), TFA (g) | 3 QSR chains |
Urban et al., 2014 [122] | USA | Longitudinal | Children’s menu info from restaurant websites | 2000–2013 | 3: sodium density (mg/1000 kcal), saturated fat (g/1000 kcal), TFA (g/1000 kcal) | 3 QSR chains |
Waterlander et al., 2014 [123] | New Zealand | Cross-sectional | Children’s menu info from restaurant websites | 2014 | 4: energy (kcal), saturated fat (g), sugar (g), sodium (mg) | 4 QSR chains |
Wellard et al., 2012 [124] | Australia | Cross-sectional | Children’s menu info from restaurant websites | 2010 | 4: energy (kJ), saturated fat (g), sugar (g), sodium (mg) | 6 QSR chains |
Wellard-Cole et al., 2018 [125] | Australia | Cross-sectional | Children’s menu info from restaurant websites | 2009 and 2015 | 2: energy (kJ), energy density (kJ/100 g and kJ/serving) | 5 QSR chains |
Wolfson et al., 2018 [126] | USA | Cross-sectional | MenuStat Database | 2012 and 2016 | 1: sodium (mg) | 66 QSR, FCR and FSR chains |
Ziauddeen et al., 2015 [127] | Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, UAE, UK, USA | Cross-sectional | Menu info from restaurant websites | 2012 | 3: energy (kcal), fat (g), saturated fat (g) | 5 QSR chains |