Acute and Cumulative Effects of Haze Fine Particles on Mortality and the Seasonal Characteristics in Beijing, China, 2005–2013: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Methods
2.4. Sensitivity Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of Data
3.2. Estimated Effects of PM2.5
3.3. Cumulative Effects
3.4. Seasonal Characteristics of PM2.5
3.5. Direct Effects of Temperature
3.6. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean | Minimum | 25th | 50th | 75th | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 78.01 | 20.02 | 42.6 | 65.94 | 103 | 301.7 |
Temperature (°C) | 12.93 | −14.1 | 2 | 14.3 | 23.5 | 32.8 |
Relative humidity | 55.5 | 7 | 39 | 57 | 71.75 | 100 |
Respiratory diseases | 2.47 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 11 |
Endocrine and metabolic | 1.49 | 1 | 1 | 4.27 | 2 | 9 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 9.58 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 24 |
Genitourinary | 1.14 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Total death | 21.64 | 4 | 17 | 21 | 26 | 49 |
Season | All-Cause | Cardiovascular | Respiratory | Cardiac | Stroke | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole year Spring | lag 0 | 1.005 (1.001, 1.008) ** | 1.006 (1.002, 1.010) ** | 0.996 (0.988, 1.004) | 1.002 (0.997, 1.007) | 1.008 (1.001, 1.014) * |
lag 1 | 0.997 (0.994, 1.000) | 0.998 (0.995, 1.002) | 0.999 (0.992, 1.006) | 0.995 (0.990, 1.000) | 1.005 (0.999, 1.010) * | |
lag 1 | 0.999 (0.981, 1.017) | 1.001 (0.979, 1.023) | 1.039 (1.000, 1.078) * | 1.000 (0.970, 1.030) | 1.000 (0.965, 1.034) | |
Summer | lag 0 | 0.993 (0.980, 1.005) | 0.992 (0.977, 1.007) | 1.012 (0.974, 1.051) | 1.009 (0.984, 1.035) | 1.033 (1.001, 1.066) * |
lag 1 | 0.989 (0.976, 1.001) | 0.996 (0.981, 1.011) | 1.005 (0.969, 1.042) | 1.022 (0.997, 1.048) * | 1.016 (0.985, 1.047) | |
Fall | lag 0 | 0.997 (0.986, 1.008) | 0.998 (0.985, 1.011) | 1.044 (1.015, 1.075) ** | 1.001 (0.986, 1.017) | 1.004 (0.983, 1.025) |
lag 3 | 0.997 (0.986, 1.007) | 0.989 (0.977, 1.002) | 1.028 (1.001, 1.056) * | 0.996 (0.980, 1.013) | 1.014 (0.991, 1.036) | |
Winter | lag 0 | 1.026 (1.011, 1.042) ** | 1.031 (1.013, 1.050) ** | 0.996 (0.966, 1.027) | 1.028 (1.003, 1.052) * | 1.004 (0.975, 1.034) |
lag 1 | 1.017 (1.002, 1.032) * | 1.025 (1.007, 1.044) ** | 0.975 (0.946, 1.005) | 1.015 (0.992, 1.039) | 1.017 (0.989, 1.046) | |
lag 3 | 1.021 (1.005, 1.036) ** | 1.014 (0.995, 1.032) | 1.004 (0.974, 1.036) | 1.011 (0.987, 1.035) | 1.001 (0.972, 1.030) | |
lag 4 | 1.030 (1.015, 1.044) ** | 1.037 (1.019, 1.055) ** | 1.006 (0.976, 1.038) | 1.040 (1.016, 1.065) ** | 1.016 (0.986, 1.046) |
Health Outcomes | Season | OR | Confidence Interval | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.50% | 97.50% | ||||
All-cause mortality | spring | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.88 |
summer | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.13 | |
winter | 0.98 * | 0.97 | 0.89 | <0.01 | |
Cardiovascular mortality | spring | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.05 | 0.66 |
summer | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.04 | |
winter | 0.98 * | 0.97 | 0.94 | <0.01 | |
Respiratory mortality | spring | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.17 | 0.860 |
summer | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 0.670 | |
winter | 0.97 * | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.030 | |
Cardiac | spring | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 0.65 |
summer | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 0.54 | |
winter | 0.98 * | 0.96 | 0.92 | <0.01 | |
Stroke | spring | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 0.64 |
summer | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.05 | 0.36 | |
winter | 0.98 * | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.03 |
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Li, Y.; Zheng, C.; Ma, Z.; Quan, W. Acute and Cumulative Effects of Haze Fine Particles on Mortality and the Seasonal Characteristics in Beijing, China, 2005–2013: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132383
Li Y, Zheng C, Ma Z, Quan W. Acute and Cumulative Effects of Haze Fine Particles on Mortality and the Seasonal Characteristics in Beijing, China, 2005–2013: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(13):2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132383
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yi, Canjun Zheng, Zhiqiang Ma, and Weijun Quan. 2019. "Acute and Cumulative Effects of Haze Fine Particles on Mortality and the Seasonal Characteristics in Beijing, China, 2005–2013: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13: 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132383