Beach Pollution Effects on Health and Productivity in California
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. CEDEN Water Pollution Data
2.1.2. Current Population Survey (CPS)
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Average Productivity Loss when Pollution Exceeds the Threshold
3.2. Robustness Tests
3.3. Effectiveness of the Water Quality Criteria
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Observations 1 | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CPS Individual Survey | |||||
Year | 522,080 | 2008.70 | 2.81 | 2004 | 2013 |
Month | 522,080 | 6.67 | 3.40 | 1 | 12 |
Age | 522,080 | 39.91 | 13.21 | 18 | 65 |
White | 522,080 | 0.75 | 0.44 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Black | 522,080 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Hispanic | 522,080 | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Gender | 522,080 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
Sick Leave | 522,080 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
CDC WONDER Weather Dataset Rainfall 2 | 409,923 | 1.11 | 1.78 | 0.00 | 17.49 |
Polluted Beachline by CBSA and Month 3 | |||||
Determined by GM Criteria: | |||||
>35 cfu/100 mL | 1202 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0 | 1 |
>50 cfu/100 mL | 1202 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0 | 1 |
35–50 cfu/100 mL | 1202 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0 | 1 |
Determined by STV Criteria: | |||||
>104 cfu/100 mL | 1202 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0 | 1 |
Independent Variable | (i) | (ii) | (iii) | (iv) | (v) | (vi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A: GM threshold % Beachline Polluted | 0.005 *** | 0.009 *** | 0.009 *** | 0.009 *** | 0.009 *** | 0.006 ** |
(0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.002) | (0.003) | |
R2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
Panel B: STV threshold % Beachline Polluted | 0.009 *** | 0.020 *** | 0.018 *** | 0.018 *** | 0.018 *** | 0.014 *** |
(0.002) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.005) | |
R2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
Year FE | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
CBSA FE | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | |
CBSA-specific Time Trend | Y | Y | Y | Y | ||
Demographics | Y | Y | Y | |||
Rainfall | Y | Y | ||||
Years of Data Included | 2004–2013 | 2004–2013 | 2004–2013 | 2004–2013 | 2004–2011 | 2004–2011 |
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Li, J.; Zhang, X. Beach Pollution Effects on Health and Productivity in California. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111987
Li J, Zhang X. Beach Pollution Effects on Health and Productivity in California. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(11):1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111987
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jingjing, and Xiaohan Zhang. 2019. "Beach Pollution Effects on Health and Productivity in California" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11: 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111987