Changes in Urinary Hydrogen Peroxide and 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine Levels after a Forest Walk: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Study Environments
2.2. Participants and Sample Preparation
2.3. Analysis of Urinary Oxidative Biomarkers
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Measures
3.2. Characteristics of Participants
3.3. Decreased Levels of Urinary H2O2 and 8-OHdG after a Forest Walk
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Forest Environment | Urban Environment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
October 2015 | September 2016 | October 2017 | July 2016 | September 2017 | |
Air temperature (°C) | 17.7~21.3 | 22.6~23.3 | 10.8~13.3 | 33.3~36.3 | 25.5~28.8 |
Relative humidity (%) | 39.3~60.7 | 81.3~88.9 | 65.2~74.7 | 49.5~59.8 | 61.8~70.3 |
Wind speed (m/s) | 0.25~1.19 | 0.30~1.05 | 0.10~1.75 | 1.20~2.67 | 0.33~1.62 |
Atmospheric pressure (hPa) | 916.7~923.1 | 912.8~919.5 | 918.2~924.0 | 888.7~1011.4 | 1007.1~1008.6 |
Illuminance (lx) | 702~97,200 | 1746~12,130 | 1325~25,430 | 20,200~52,800 | 421~3875 |
Elevation (m) | 840~900 | 840~900 | 840~960 | 2 | 2 |
Parameter | No. (%) or Mean ± SEM | |
---|---|---|
Urban (n = 22) | Forest (n = 28) | |
Sex | ||
Male | – | 7 (14 October 2015) |
6 (4 July 2016) | 6 (28 September 2016) | |
9 (27 September 2017) | 7 (25 October 2017) a | |
Female | – | 2 (14 October 2015) |
4 (4 July 2016) | 3 (28 September 2016) b | |
3 (27 September 2017) | 3 (25 October 2017) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.3 ± 0.8 | 22.8 ± 0.8 |
Smoker | ||
No | 18 (81.8) | 22 (78.6) |
Current | 3 (13.6) | 5 (17.9) |
Past | 1 (4.6) | 1 (3.5) |
Alcohol consumption | ||
None | 10 (45.5) | 14 (50.0) |
<3 times/week | 10 (45.5) | 12 (42.9) |
≥4 times/week | 2 (9.0) | 2 (7.1) |
Exercise/physical activity | ||
No | 20 (90.9) | 23 (82.1) |
Yes | 2 (9.1) | 5 (17.9) |
Vegetable consumption | ||
Almost none | 1 (4.5) | 2 (7.1) |
Sometimes | 15 (68.2) | 15 (53.6) |
A little per day | 6 (27.3) | 11 (39.3) |
A lot per day | 0 | 0 |
Fruit consumption | ||
Almost none | 7 (31.8) | 8 (28.6) |
Sometimes | 13 (59.1) | 17 (60.7) |
A little per day | 2 (9.1) | 3 (10.7) |
A lot per day | 0 | 0 |
SBP (mmHg) | 116 ± 1 | 121 ± 1 |
DBP (mmHg) | 68 ± 1 | 72 ± 1 |
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Wang, D.-H.; Yamada, A.; Miyanaga, M. Changes in Urinary Hydrogen Peroxide and 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine Levels after a Forest Walk: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091871
Wang D-H, Yamada A, Miyanaga M. Changes in Urinary Hydrogen Peroxide and 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine Levels after a Forest Walk: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091871
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Da-Hong, Ai Yamada, and Masamitsu Miyanaga. 2018. "Changes in Urinary Hydrogen Peroxide and 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine Levels after a Forest Walk: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091871