The Seasonality of Nitrite Concentrations in a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Water Quality Monitoring Data
2.2. Sampling Campaign
2.3. Data Collection, Statistical Methods and Calculations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Obligatory Monitoring Data
3.1.1. Seasonality of the Nitrite Time Series
3.1.2. Seasonal Index of a Nitrite Time Series
3.1.3. Nitrification in the Sampling Line Running to the on-Site Laboratory
3.2. Sampling Campaign
3.3. Evaluation of the Methods
3.4. Nitrite Concentrations in Seasonality Groups
3.5. Nitrite Seasonality in Relation to Temperature and Water Age
3.6. Nitrite’s Correlation to Other Nitrogen Forms in Relation to Seasonality
3.7. Denitrification
3.8. Nitrite Exposure
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analysis | Units | Median | Minimum | Maximum | N |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dissolved oxygen | mgO2 L−1 | 15.0 | 12.2 | 16.1 | 24 |
Total chlorine | mgCl2 L−1 | 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.48 | 25 |
Ammonium | mgN l−1 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 23 |
Temperature | °C | 7.5 | 3.3 | 11.8 | 24 |
pH | 8.5 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 25 | |
Hardness | Mmol L−1 | 0.53 | 0.46 | 0.62 | 23 |
Turbidity | FTU | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 25 |
Conductivity | mS m−1 | 15.1 | 14.2 | 16.5 | 24 |
Total organic carbon | Mg L−1 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 25 |
Total microbes (R2A) | cfu mL−1 | <10 | <10 | 45 | 19 |
Trihalomethanes | µg L−1 | <2 | <2 | <2 | 23 |
Location | Water Age (h) | Location | Water Age (h) |
---|---|---|---|
Sheltered Home M | 5.0 | Sheltered Home S | 27.3 |
Sport Center M | 5.0 | Restaurant L | 26.7 |
Gas Station R | 6.7 | Hospital P | 28.7 |
Shopping Mall J | 63.6 | Health Center T | 12.9 |
Gas Station I | 31.2 | Sport Center H | 47.1 |
Health Center H | 53.9 | Restaurant P | 5.8 |
Health Center L | 29.7 | Office W | 30.4 |
Gas Station K | 33.0 | Hospital K | 190 |
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Rantanen, P.-L.; Mellin, I.; Keinänen-Toivola, M.M.; Ahonen, M.; Vahala, R. The Seasonality of Nitrite Concentrations in a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081756
Rantanen P-L, Mellin I, Keinänen-Toivola MM, Ahonen M, Vahala R. The Seasonality of Nitrite Concentrations in a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(8):1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081756
Chicago/Turabian StyleRantanen, Pirjo-Liisa, Ilkka Mellin, Minna M. Keinänen-Toivola, Merja Ahonen, and Riku Vahala. 2018. "The Seasonality of Nitrite Concentrations in a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8: 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081756
APA StyleRantanen, P. -L., Mellin, I., Keinänen-Toivola, M. M., Ahonen, M., & Vahala, R. (2018). The Seasonality of Nitrite Concentrations in a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(8), 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081756