The Overlooked Burden of Food Insecurity among Asian Americans: Results from the California Health Interview Survey
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chinese | Filipino | South Asian | Japanese | Korean | Vietnamese | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food insecure | ||||||
No | 6859 (92.4) | 3506 (91.74) | 2443 (96.86) | 2325 (97.72) | 3887 (93.43) | 3732 (83.58) |
Yes | 488 (7.60) | 259 (8.26) | 90 (3.14) | 52 (2.28) | 308 (6.57) | 854 (16.42) |
Language spoken at home | ||||||
Non-English only | 3204 (45.93) | 563 (13.39) | 351 (14.38) | 135 (4.95) | 2235 (44.3) | 2791 (52.36) |
English and another | 2788 (38.31) | 2008 (53.81) | 1792 (70.88) | 596 (26.51) | 1600 (45.1) | 1611 (42.22) |
English only | 1355 (15.76) | 1194 (32.8) | 390 (14.74) | 1646 (68.54) | 359 (10.6) | 184 (5.424) |
Country of birth | ||||||
Foreign-born | 5790 (78.05) | 2945 (72.69) | 2289 (86.78) | 652 (27.02) | 3838 (82.62) | 4370 (88.59) |
U.S.-born | 1557 (21.95) | 820 (27.31) | 244 (13.22) | 1725 (72.98) | 357 (17.38) | 216 (11.41) |
Age (years) | ||||||
18–44 | 3245 (54.39) | 1782 (56.45) | 1696 (74.79) | 653 (33.61) | 1760 (57.35) | 1881 (56.77) |
45 or more | 4102 (45.61) | 1983 (43.55) | 837 (25.21) | 1724 (66.39) | 2435 (42.65) | 2705 (43.23) |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 3103 (45.41) | 1484 (45.87) | 1352 (57.24) | 926 (40.95) | 1568 (39.00) | 2263 (49.48) |
Female | 4244 (54.59) | 2281 (54.13) | 1181 (42.76) | 1451 (59.05) | 2627 (61.00) | 2323 (50.52) |
Marital status | ||||||
Not currently married | 2647 (38.23) | 1492 (42.62) | 655 (29.42) | 1096 (39.68) | 1402 (39.67) | 1595 (40.93) |
Currently married | 4700 (61.77) | 2273 (57.38) | 1878 (70.58) | 1281 (60.32) | 2793 (60.33) | 2991 (59.07) |
Education | ||||||
High school or less | 1980 (31.9) | 718 (23.58) | 274 (12.14) | 488 (26.54) | 1334 (30.76) | 2478 (51.93) |
Some college | 1162 (15.07) | 927 (25.72) | 263 (10.55) | 632 (25.17) | 570 (13.87) | 833 (19.89) |
Bachelors or higher | 4205 (53.03) | 2120 (50.7) | 1996 (77.31) | 1257 (48.3) | 2291 (55.37) | 1275 (28.18) |
Employment status | ||||||
Currently employed | 4598 (62.74) | 2643 (70.07) | 1857 (73.87) | 1259 (54.34) | 2097 (58.93) | 2337 (59.20) |
Currently unemployed | 2749 (37.26) | 1122 (29.93) | 676 (26.13) | 1118 (45.66) | 2098 (41.07) | 2249 (40.80) |
Self-rated general health status | ||||||
Fair or poor | 1574 (20.03) | 605 (15.68) | 189 (5.548) | 296 (11.91) | 1250 (22.89) | 2249 (40.43) |
Excellent, very good, or good | 5773 (79.97) | 3160 (84.32) | 2344 (94.45) | 2081 (88.09) | 2945 (77.11) | 2337 (59.57) |
Asian-specific BMI category | ||||||
Not overweight or obese | 3814 (53.37) | 1272 (32.62) | 978 (40.95) | 993 (41.11) | 2116 (53.97) | 2430 (60.1) |
Overweight or obese | 3533 (46.63) | 2493 (67.38) | 1555 (59.05) | 1384 (58.89) | 2079 (46.03) | 2156 (39.9) |
Urban/rural status | ||||||
Urban | 7162 (97.57) | 3541 (95.12) | 2427 (96.4) | 2220 (95.04) | 4092 (97.37) | 4539 (99.27) |
Rural | 182 (2.43) | 224 (4.88) | 106 (3.60) | 157 (4.96) | 95 (2.63) | 34 (0.73) |
Chinese | Filipino | South Asian | |
---|---|---|---|
Language spoken at home | <0.0001 | 0.316 | 0.0722 |
English only | 1.04 (0.56, 1.94) | 6.55 (4.04, 10.45) | 1.12 (0.46, 2.69) |
English and another | 2.97 (2.19, 4.01) | 9.04 (7.20, 11.29) | 3.24 (2.35, 4.45) |
Non-English only | 13.72 (11.26, 16.59) | 9.30 (6.59, 12.96) | 4.73 (2.37, 9.22) |
Country of birth | 0.001 | 0.422 | 0.2622 |
U.S.-born | 3.00 (1.52, 5.83) | 6.91 (3.97, 11.75) | 2.20 (1.16, 4.13) |
Foreign-born | 8.90 (7.40, 10.65) | 8.76 (7.26, 10.54) | 3.29 (2.42, 4.45) |
Age | 0.0032 | 0.1556 | 0.0428 |
18–44 years | 5.57 (3.87, 7.96) | 7.29 (5.30, 9.95) | 2.66 (1.90, 3.73) |
45 years or more | 10.02 (8.42, 11.89) | 9.51 (7.80, 11.54) | 4.57 (2.94, 7.04) |
Sex | 0.9977 | 0.1846 | 0.3004 |
Male | 7.60 (5.50, 10.43) | 9.40 (6.94, 12.61) | 2.73 (1.79, 4.17) |
Female | 7.60 (6.24, 9.22) | 7.29 (5.86, 9.04) | 3.69 (2.53, 5.36) |
Marital Status | 0.4084 | 0.0272 | 0.0036 |
Currently married | 8.03 (6.38, 10.04) | 6.74 (5.18, 8.71) | 2.35 (1.62, 3.37) |
Not currently married | 6.91 (5.24, 9.06) | 10.31 (7.84, 13.44) | 5.06 (3.37, 7.54) |
Education | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Bachelors or higher | 2.69 (1.75, 4.11) | 4.25 (3.15, 5.71) | 1.42 (0.89, 2.25) |
High school or less | 16.69 (13.57, 20.34) | 17.19 (12.80, 22.69) | 10.25 (6.28, 16.29) |
Some college | 5.67 (4.15, 7.70) | 7.97 (5.76, 10.91) | 7.62 (4.59, 12.39) |
Employment status | 0.0005 | 0.0001 | 0.0899 |
Currently employed | 5.59 (4.08, 7.62) | 6.15 (4.83, 7.81) | 2.68 (1.89, 3.78) |
Currently unemployed | 10.98 (8.85, 13.54) | 13.19 (9.90, 17.36) | 4.46 (2.75, 7.15) |
General health status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Excellent, very good, good | 5.49 (4.22, 7.12) | 6.80 (5.30, 8.69) | 2.57 (1.88, 3.50) |
Fair or poor | 16.01 (12.67, 20.02) | 16.11 (12.05, 21.20) | 12.93 (7.65, 21.00) |
Asian-specific BMI category | 0.7872 | 0.0666 | 0.1769 |
Not overweight/obese | 7.77 (6.00, 10.00) | 6.57 (5.04, 8.53) | 2.49 (1.56, 3.93) |
Overweight/obese | 7.41 (5.86, 9.32) | 9.07 (7.19, 11.39) | 3.60 (2.58, 5.00) |
Urban/rural status | 0.0163 | 0.3464 | 0.0589 |
Urban | 7.72 (6.46, 9.20) | 8.14 (6.71, 9.84) | 2.96 (2.21, 3.97) |
Rural | 3.15 (1.47, 6.60) | 10.57 (6.16, 17.54) | 7.96 (2.90, 20.04) |
Japanese | Korean | Vietnamese | |
Language spoken at home | 0.358 | 0.0005 | <0.0001 |
English only | 2.06 (1.22, 3.47) | 2.41 (1.08, 5.29) | 4.84 (1.66, 13.28) |
English and another | 2.45 (1.31, 4.54) | 4.63 (2.89, 7.35) | 9.18 (6.85, 12.19) |
Non-English only | 4.46 (1.86, 10.29) | 9.55 (7.73, 11.75) | 23.46 (20.81, 26.33) |
Country of birth | 0.0863 | 0.0932 | <0.0001 |
U.S.-born | 1.87 (1.08, 3.24) | 3.02 (1.04, 8.44) | 3.93 (1.74, 8.60) |
Foreign-born | 3.38 (2.14, 5.32) | 7.32 (5.96, 8.97) | 18.03 (15.99, 20.26) |
Age | 0.2102 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
18–44 years | 3.05 (1.68, 5.47) | 4.02 (2.72, 5.89) | 12.46 (9.96, 15.47) |
45 years or more | 1.89 (1.15, 3.10) | 10.01 (7.92, 12.57) | 21.63 (19.09, 24.39) |
Sex | 0.2766 | 0.0221 | 0.0019 |
Male | 2.88 (1.59, 5.17) | 4.86 (3.65, 6.45) | 13.30 (10.91, 16.11) |
Female | 1.87 (1.12, 3.10) | 7.66 (5.87, 9.94) | 19.48 (16.72, 22.56) |
Marital Status | 0.26 | 0.0245 | 0.5668 |
Currently married | 1.87 (1.03, 3.38) | 5.32 (4.21, 6.71) | 16.88 (14.61, 19.41) |
Not currently married | 2.91 (1.75, 4.78) | 8.47 (6.07, 11.70) | 15.76 (12.85, 19.17) |
Education | 0.0335 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Bachelors or higher | 1.20 (0.71, 2.02) | 2.43 (1.73, 3.41) | 6.74 (4.39, 10.20) |
High school or less | 3.73 (1.97, 6.96) | 13.18 (10.17, 16.91) | 23.06 (20.57, 25.75) |
Some college | 2.84 (1.39, 5.72) | 8.43 (4.93, 14.03) | 12.80 (8.48, 18.86) |
Employment status | 0.3548 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Currently employed | 1.91 (1.00, 3.60) | 3.99 (2.92, 5.44) | 11.65 (9.26, 14.55) |
Currently unemployed | 2.73 (1.73, 4.29) | 10.27 (7.92, 13.21) | 23.34 (20.51, 26.43) |
General health status | 0.2197 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Excellent, very good, good | 2.10 (1.35, 3.25) | 3.93 (2.91, 5.29) | 10.22 (8.06, 12.86) |
Fair or poor | 3.63 (1.65, 7.76) | 15.47 (11.89, 19.87) | 25.56 (22.50, 28.88) |
Asian-specific BMI category | 0.7825 | 0.5507 | 0.0316 |
Not overweight/obese | 2.42 (1.54, 3.79) | 6.21 (4.67, 8.22) | 14.72 (12.22, 17.62) |
Overweight/obese | 2.19 (1.22, 3.89) | 7.00 (5.26, 9.25) | 18.98 (16.34, 21.92) |
Urban/rural status | 0.192 | 0.1162 | 0.2329 |
Urban | 2.34 (1.57, 3.48) | 6.67 (5.42, 8.18) | 16.45 (14.54, 18.55) |
Rural | 1.08 (0.34, 3.38) | 2.48 (0.66, 8.84) | 6.68 (1.16, 30.43) |
Language Spoken at Home a PR (95% CI) | Country of Birth b PR (95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English Only (Reference) | English and Another | Non-English only | U.S.-Born (Reference) | Foreign-Born | |
Chinese | Ref. | 2.51 (1.28, 4.94) ** | 7.24 (3.68, 14.24) *** | Ref. | 2.31(1.17, 4.54) * |
Filipino | Ref. | 1.55 (0.98, 2.47) | 1.56 (0.95, 2.55) | Ref. | 1.75 (1.06, 2.87) * |
South Asian | Ref. | 2.53 (0.97, 6.64) | 3.62 (1.04, 12.66) * | Ref. | 3.35 (1.36, 8.20) ** |
Japanese | Ref. | 1.24 (0.51, 3.00) | 1.82 (0.71, 4.70) | Ref. | 2.11 (1.09, 4.09) * |
Korean | Ref. | 1.57 (0.58, 4.23) | 2.06 (0.73, 5.78) | Ref. | 1.81 (0.67, 4.90) |
Vietnamese | Ref. | 1.56 (0.56, 4.40) | 2.76 (0.99, 7.66) | Ref. | 3.70 (1.58, 8.66) ** |
Language Spoken at Home | Country of Birth | Citizenship Status | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
English only | English and Another | Non-English only | U.S.-Born | Foreign-Born | Citizen | Non-Citizen | |
Chinese | -- | 2.95 | 4.77 | -- | 4.28 | 1.3397 | 3.4626 |
Filipino | -- | 2.88 | 1.75 | -- | 2.64 | 0.5794 | 2.9532 |
South Asian | -- | 3.35 | -- | -- | 3.48 | 0.7457 | 1.0001 |
Japanese | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Korean | -- | 1..85 | 3.16 | -- | 2.94 | 1.2389 | 1.3562 |
Vietnamese | -- | 9.02 | 15.67 | 3.12 | 14.33 | 6.7969 | 17.4218 |
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Becerra, M.B.; Mshigeni, S.K.; Becerra, B.J. The Overlooked Burden of Food Insecurity among Asian Americans: Results from the California Health Interview Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081684
Becerra MB, Mshigeni SK, Becerra BJ. The Overlooked Burden of Food Insecurity among Asian Americans: Results from the California Health Interview Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(8):1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081684
Chicago/Turabian StyleBecerra, Monideepa B., Salome Kapella Mshigeni, and Benjamin J. Becerra. 2018. "The Overlooked Burden of Food Insecurity among Asian Americans: Results from the California Health Interview Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8: 1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081684
APA StyleBecerra, M. B., Mshigeni, S. K., & Becerra, B. J. (2018). The Overlooked Burden of Food Insecurity among Asian Americans: Results from the California Health Interview Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(8), 1684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081684