Micronuclei in Exfoliated Buccal Cells of Children Living in a Cluster Area of Salento (Southern Italy) with a High Incidence of Lung Cancer: The IMP.AIR Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Recruitment
2.3. Questionnaire Administration
2.4. Collection of Biological Samples
2.5. Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) Assay
2.6. Air Quality
2.7. Data Analysis
2.8. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Recruited Children
3.2. Dietary Habits
3.3. Domestic Environment
3.4. Characteristics of Parents
3.5. Air Quality
3.6. The Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) Assay
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Units of Measure | Value |
---|---|---|
Males | N (%) | 67 (54.9%) |
Females | N (%) | 55 (45.1%) |
Born in Italy | N (%) | 121 (99.2%) |
6 years old | N (%) | 34 (27.9%) |
7 years old | N (%) | 41 (33.6%) |
8 years old | N (%) | 47 (38.5%) |
Average age | years ± standard deviation (SD) | 7.65 ± 0.94 |
Average weight | kg ± SD | 28.3 ± 7.6 |
Average height | cm ± SD | 127.2 ± 8.7 |
Average BMI | kg/m2 ± SD | 17.247 ± 2.892 |
UW | N (%) | 6 (4.9%) |
NW | N (%) | 77 (63.1%) |
OW | N (%) | 21 (17.2%) |
OB | N (%) | 18 (14.8%) |
Sports (≥3 times/week) | N (%) | 65 (53.3%) |
Outdoor sports | N (%) | 38 (31.7%) |
Swimming | N (%) | 11 (9.0%) |
Outdoor play (>1 h/day) | N (%) | 85 (69.7%) |
Food Categories | Average Consumption ± SD (times/week) |
---|---|
Bread | 6.97 ± 3.79 |
Pasta/rice/soups | 10.36 ± 4.66 |
Pizza and focaccia | 1.70 ± 0.91 |
Legumes | 0.80 ± 0.73 |
Vegetables | 9.55 ± 7.88 |
Potatoes | 1.51 ± 1.30 |
Fresh fruit | 20.67 ± 23.08 |
Dried fruit | 1.10 ± 1.56 |
Red or processed meat | 6.48 ± 3.62 |
Poultry | 1.83 ± 1.19 |
Fish | 3.74 ± 2.67 |
Eggs | 1.33 ± 0.68 |
Milk and dairy products | 16.42 ± 9.05 |
Cakes | 14.28 ± 9.37 |
Snacks | 1.88 ± 1.69 |
Soft/fizzy drinks | 5.13 ± 6.64 |
Olive oil 1 | 7.97 ± 4.31 |
Butter 2 | 1.05 ± 1.85 |
Variable | N (%) |
---|---|
Fried foods | 111 (91.0) |
Wood-fired pizza | 97 (79.5) |
Barbecued foods (wood/charcoal) | 72 (59.0) |
Foods cooked on the griddle | 59 (48.4) |
Toasted bread | 45 (36.9) |
Smoked foods | 23 (18.9) |
Variable | N (%) |
---|---|
Residence in high-traffic areas | 34 (27.9%) |
Residence near roads with high traffic of heavy vehicles | 19 (15.7%) |
Fuel used for heating | |
Methane gas | 107 (82.3%) |
Wood | 12 (9.2%) |
Diesel | 5 (3.8%) |
Electricity | 5 (3.8%) |
Fuel used for cooking | |
Methane gas | 121 (91.0%) |
Electricity | 9 (6.8%) |
Wood | 3 (2.3%) |
Presence of fireplace | 61 (50.0%) |
Presence of gas boiler inside home | 4 (3.3%) |
Living with smokers inside the dwelling | 25 (20.5%) |
Frequent staying in the kitchen during food cooking | 23 (19.2%) |
Cooking on the griddle/barbecue | 83 (68.6%) |
Use of solvents for hobbies | 2 (1.6%) |
Variable | Mother N (%) | Father N (%) |
---|---|---|
Born in Italy | 110 (90.2%) | 112 (92.6%) |
High school education or greater | 86 (70.5%) | 72 (59.5%) |
Employment rate | 58 (47.5%) | 106 (91.4%) |
Smoking habits | 15 (12.3%) | 47 (38.8%) |
Variable | PM2.5 (µg/m³) | NO2 (µg/m³) | CO (mg/m³) | SO2 (µg/m³) | O3 * (µg/m³) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual mean | 17.2 | 11.4 | 0.51 | 4.23 | 103.3 |
Maximum 24-h mean value | 60.2 | 29.3 | 1.3 | 8.48 | 166 |
Biomarkers (‰) 1 | IMP.AIR Study 2 | Lecce (MAPEC_LIFE Study) 3 [33] |
---|---|---|
MNC | 0.49 ± 0.65 | 0.24 ± 0.32 * |
NBUD | 0.10 ± 0.33 | 0.09 ± 0.26 |
BC | 1.70 ± 1.72 | 0.19 ± 0.41 * |
BNC | 2.73 ± 1.79 | 3.26 ± 1.88 |
CCC | 51.20 ± 17.97 | 26.60 ± 18.59 * |
KHC | 8.50 ± 5.74 | 13.29 ± 13.90 * |
PYK | 0.64 ± 1.00 | 0.11 ± 0.31 * |
KYL | 16.00 ± 4.76 | 28.62 ± 21.05 * |
Independent Variables | OR | CI (95%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Male | 0.802 | 0.293–0.195 | 0.667 |
Obesity | 3.849 | 1.140–12.994 | 0.030 |
Residence in high traffic areas | 1.624 | 0.539–4.897 | 0.389 |
Use of fireplace (>8 days/month) | 3.585 | 0.724–17.756 | 0.118 |
Red or processed meat consumption (>4 times/week) | 3.622 | 1.154–11.365 | 0.027 |
Vegetables consumption (>3 times/week) | 0.378 | 0.122–1.175 | 0.093 |
Sport (≥3 times/week) | 0.692 | 0.241–1.982 | 0.492 |
Father with high school diploma | 0.873 | 0.308–2.478 | 0.799 |
Mother with high school diploma | 1.672 | 0.462–6.043 | 0.433 |
Smoking father | 0.955 | 0.346–2.637 | 0.929 |
Smoking mother | 5.511 | 1.156–26.274 | 0.032 |
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Idolo, A.; Grassi, T.; Bagordo, F.; Panico, A.; De Giorgi, M.; Serio, F.; Guido, M.; Piscitelli, P.; De Filippis, G.; Raho, A.; et al. Micronuclei in Exfoliated Buccal Cells of Children Living in a Cluster Area of Salento (Southern Italy) with a High Incidence of Lung Cancer: The IMP.AIR Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081659
Idolo A, Grassi T, Bagordo F, Panico A, De Giorgi M, Serio F, Guido M, Piscitelli P, De Filippis G, Raho A, et al. Micronuclei in Exfoliated Buccal Cells of Children Living in a Cluster Area of Salento (Southern Italy) with a High Incidence of Lung Cancer: The IMP.AIR Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(8):1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081659
Chicago/Turabian StyleIdolo, Adele, Tiziana Grassi, Francesco Bagordo, Alessandra Panico, Mattia De Giorgi, Francesca Serio, Marcello Guido, Prisco Piscitelli, Giovanni De Filippis, Annamaria Raho, and et al. 2018. "Micronuclei in Exfoliated Buccal Cells of Children Living in a Cluster Area of Salento (Southern Italy) with a High Incidence of Lung Cancer: The IMP.AIR Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8: 1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081659