Changes of Ecosystem Service Value in a Coastal Zone of Zhejiang Province, China, during Rapid Urbanization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Pre-Processing
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Land-Use Intensity Index
2.3.2. Ecosystem Service Value Estimation
2.3.3. Coefficient of Sensitivity of Ecosystem
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. The Variation of Land Use
3.2. Land-use Changes and Intensity
3.3. Ecosystem Service Value Changes
3.4. Analysis of Coefficient of Sensitivity
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Land-Use Changes on Ecosystem Service Value
4.2. Causes of Ecosystem Service Value Changes in the Study Area
4.3. Limitations of the Ecosystem Service Value Estimation Model
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Intensity Level | Land-Use Type | Value |
---|---|---|
Unused level | Unused land and intertidal zone | 1 |
Light utilization level | Waters | 2 |
Low utilization level | Forest land | 3 |
Strong utilization level | Farmland | 4 |
High-strength utilization level | Construction land | 5 |
Ecosystem Service and Function | Forest Land | Farmland | Intertidal Zone | Waters | Unused Land | Construction Land | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supply service | Food production | 493.84 | 1496.49 | 538.74 | 793.14 | 29.93 | 0.00 |
Raw material production | 4459.54 | 583.63 | 359.16 | 523.77 | 59.86 | 0.00 | |
Regulating service | Gas regulation | 6464.84 | 1077.47 | 3606.54 | 763.21 | 89.79 | 0.00 |
Climatic regulation | 6090.71 | 1451.60 | 20,277.44 | 3082.77 | 194.54 | 0.00 | |
Hydrological adjustment | 6120.64 | 1152.30 | 20,112.83 | 28,089.12 | 104.75 | 0.00 | |
Waste treatment | 2573.96 | 2080.12 | 21,549.46 | 22,222.88 | 389.09 | 0.00 | |
Support services | Soil conservation | 6015.89 | 2199.84 | 2978.02 | 613.56 | 254.40 | 0.00 |
Biodiversity maintenance | 6749.17 | 1526.42 | 5522.05 | 5132.96 | 598.60 | 0.00 | |
Cultural services | Aesthetic landscape | 3112.70 | 254.40 | 7018.54 | 6644.42 | 359.16 | 0.00 |
Total | 42,081.30 | 11,822.27 | 81,962.76 | 67,865.82 | 2080.12 | 0.00 |
Year | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 1990–2000 | 2000–2010 | 1990–2010 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Land-Use Type | Area/km2 | Variation of Land Use | |||||||
Area/km2 | rate/% | Area/km2 | rate/% | Area/km2 | rate/% | ||||
Farmland | 3762.82 | 3664.51 | 3130.43 | −98.31 | −2.61 | −534.08 | −14.57 | −632.39 | −16.81 |
Sea areas | 767.61 | 529.72 | 0.00 | −237.89 | −30.99 | −529.72 | −100.00 | −767.61 | −100.00 |
Construction land | 245.78 | 522.34 | 1421.81 | 276.56 | 112.52 | 899.49 | 172.20 | 1176.05 | 478.50 |
Forest land | 3788.64 | 3576.25 | 3421.47 | −212.39 | −5.61 | −154.78 | −4.33 | −367.17 | −9.69 |
Waters | 518.40 | 457.17 | 422.22 | −61.23 | −11.81 | −34.95 | −7.64 | −96.18 | −18.55 |
Intertidal zone | 625.50 | 703.39 | 540.65 | 77.89 | 12.45 | −162.74 | −23.14 | −84.85 | −13.57 |
Unused land | 63.63 | 138.68 | 322.55 | 75.05 | 117.95 | 183.87 | 132.59 | 258.92 | 406.91 |
Aquaculture land | 150.04 | 330.36 | 663.29 | 180.32 | 120.18 | 322.93 | 97.75 | 503.25 | 335.41 |
Area/km2 | Year 2010 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmland | Construction Land | Forest Land | Water Body | Intertidal Zone | Unused Land | Aquaculture Land | Total | Change Rate/% | ||
Year 1990 | Farmland | 2453.22 | 861.42 | 198.77 | 38.78 | 18.23 | 13.59 | 176.24 | 3760.24 | 34.76% |
Sea areas | 60.48 | 50.20 | 4.05 | 30.37 | 278.76 | 199.49 | 140.75 | 764.12 | 100.00% | |
Construction land | 35.90 | 193.21 | 9.82 | 4.40 | 0.45 | 0.80 | 0.98 | 245.56 | 21.32% | |
Forest land | 376.20 | 158.46 | 3173.52 | 19.76 | 11.87 | 19.78 | 23.58 | 3783.18 | 16.11% | |
Water body | 81.79 | 40.87 | 4.13 | 303.99 | 37.05 | 2.13 | 47.99 | 517.95 | 41.31% | |
Intertidal zone | 80.67 | 55.58 | 12.50 | 20.97 | 187.96 | 61.25 | 204.79 | 623.74 | 69.86% | |
Unused land | 9.06 | 20.74 | 13.17 | 1.11 | 1.13 | 7.66 | 11.41 | 64.28 | 88.09% | |
Aquaculture land | 30.17 | 39.26 | 0.90 | 2.76 | 2.73 | 17.34 | 56.48 | 149.64 | 62.26% | |
Total | 3127.49 | 1419.73 | 3416.87 | 422.15 | 538.18 | 322.05 | 662.21 | 9908.70 |
Land-Use Type | ESV/108 RMB/year | ESV Change/108 RMB/year | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 1990–2000 | Change Rate/% | 2000–2010 | Change Rate/% | 1990–2010 | Change Rate/% | |
Forest land | 159.43 | 150.49 | 143.98 | −8.94 | −5.61 | −6.51 | −4.33 | −15.45 | −9.69 |
Farmland | 44.49 | 43.32 | 37.01 | −1.17 | −2.63 | −6.31 | −14.57 | −7.48 | −16.81 |
Intertidal zone | 51.27 | 57.65 | 44.31 | 6.38 | 12.44 | −13.34 | −23.14 | −6.96 | −13.58 |
Waters | 97.46 | 89.4 | 73.67 | −8.06 | −8.27 | −15.73 | −17.60 | −23.79 | −24.41 |
Unused land | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.67 | 0.16 | 123.08 | 0.38 | 131.03 | 0.54 | 415.38 |
Construction land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Total | 352.78 | 341.15 | 299.64 | −11.63 | −3.30 | −41.51 | −12.17 | −53.14 | −15.06 |
Ecosystem Service Function | 1990–2000 | 2000–2010 | 1990–2010 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Functional Value Change (108 RMB) | Change Rate/% | Functional Value Change (108 RMB) | Change Rate/% | Functional Value Change (108 RMB) | Change Rate/% | |
Food production | −0.31 | −3.45% | −1.14 | −13.13% | −1.45 | −16.13% |
Raw material production | −1.03 | −5.13% | −1.17 | −6.14% | −2.20 | −10.96% |
Gas regulation | −1.28 | −4.01% | −2.32 | −7.58% | −3.60 | −11.29% |
Climatic regulation | −0.21 | −0.46% | −5.69 | −12.52% | −5.90 | −12.92% |
Hydrological adjustment | −3.18 | −3.95% | −11.32 | −14.65% | −14.50 | −18.02% |
Waste treatment | −1.69 | −2.68% | −10.09 | −16.46% | −11.78 | −18.70% |
Maintain soil | −1.32 | −3.90% | −2.68 | −8.24% | −4.00 | −11.82% |
Biodiversity maintenance | −1.72 | −4.08% | −3.84 | −9.49% | −5.56 | −13.18% |
Aesthetic landscape | −0.90 | −3.37% | −3.23 | −12.52% | −4.13 | −15.47% |
Land-Use Type | CS | ||
---|---|---|---|
1990 | 2000 | 2010 | |
Forest land | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.48 |
Construction land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Farmland | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 |
Intertidal zone | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.15 |
Waters | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.25 |
Unused land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
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Cao, L.; Li, J.; Ye, M.; Pu, R.; Liu, Y.; Guo, Q.; Feng, B.; Song, X. Changes of Ecosystem Service Value in a Coastal Zone of Zhejiang Province, China, during Rapid Urbanization. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071301
Cao L, Li J, Ye M, Pu R, Liu Y, Guo Q, Feng B, Song X. Changes of Ecosystem Service Value in a Coastal Zone of Zhejiang Province, China, during Rapid Urbanization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(7):1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071301
Chicago/Turabian StyleCao, Luodan, Jialin Li, Mengyao Ye, Ruiliang Pu, Yongchao Liu, Qiandong Guo, Baixiang Feng, and Xiayun Song. 2018. "Changes of Ecosystem Service Value in a Coastal Zone of Zhejiang Province, China, during Rapid Urbanization" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7: 1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071301