Association between Social Activities and Cognitive Function among the Elderly in China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Cognitive Function
2.3. Assessment of Social Activities
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistics Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Characteristics of Type and Frequency of Social Activities
3.3. Cross-Sectional Relationship between Social Activities and Cognitive Function
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 8966) | Men (n = 4457) | Women (n = 4509) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean ± SD | 68.1 ± 6.6 | 68.2 ± 6.5 | 68.0 ± 6.6 | 0.121 | |
Marital status, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Married/cohabitating | 77.0 | 82.9 | 71.1 | ||
Divorce/separated/widowed/never married | 23.0 | 17.1 | 28.9 | ||
Community type, (%) | 0.348 | ||||
Village | 80.1 | 80.5 | 79.7 | ||
City | 19.9 | 19.5 | 20.3 | ||
Educational level, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
No formal education | 55.6 | 40.4 | 70.7 | ||
Elementary school | 23.0 | 29.8 | 16.3 | ||
Middle school | 13.9 | 19.0 | 8.9 | ||
High school or above | 7.5 | 10.9 | 4.1 | ||
Smoking, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Current/Past | 43.8 | 77.9 | 10.1 | ||
Never | 56.2 | 22.1 | 89.9 | ||
Alcohol consumption, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Current/Past | 32.6 | 51.4 | 14.1 | ||
Never | 67.4 | 48.6 | 85.9 | ||
Depression, mean ± SD | 8.6 ± 6.6 | 7.4 ± 6.0 | 9.9 ± 6.9 | <0.001 | |
Hypertension, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 39.9 | 37.3 | 42.5 | ||
No | 60.1 | 62.7 | 57.5 | ||
Diabetes, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Yes | 12.1 | 10.4 | 13.9 | ||
No | 87.9 | 89.6 | 86.1 | ||
Self-rated health, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Good | 21.5 | 23.8 | 19.2 | ||
Fair | 52.4 | 52.6 | 52.2 | ||
Poor | 26.1 | 23.5 | 28.6 | ||
BADL, (%) | 0.012 | ||||
Completely normal | 66.2 | 67.8 | 64.9 | ||
Functional decline | 33.8 | 32.2 | 35.1 | ||
IADL, (%) | <0.001 | ||||
Completely normal | 61.8 | 70.8 | 53.0 | ||
Functional decline | 38.2 | 29.2 | 47.0 | ||
Cognitive measure | |||||
TICS (0–10), mean ± SD | 6.0 ± 3.0 | 6.9 ± 2.7 | 5.1 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | |
Draw a figure (0/1), mean ± SD | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | |
Words recall (0–10), mean ± SD | 2.7 ± 1.8 | 2.9 ± 1.8 | 2.6 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | |
Overall cognition (0–21), mean ± SD | 9.2 ± 4.5 | 10.4 ± 4.0 | 8.2 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
Type and Frequency of Social Activities | Total (n = 8966) | Men (n = 4457) | Women (n = 4509) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Interaction with friends, (%) | <0.001 | |||
No participant | 67.2 | 69.1 | 65.3 | |
Not regularly | 10.9 | 11.4 | 10.3 | |
Almost every week | 6.6 | 7.0 | 6.2 | |
Almost daily | 15.3 | 12.4 | 18.2 | |
Hobby groups, (%) | <0.001 | |||
No participant | 81.4 | 76.4 | 86.4 | |
Not regularly | 6.5 | 8.5 | 4.5 | |
Almost every week | 5.2 | 6.5 | 4.0 | |
Almost daily | 6.9 | 8.6 | 5.2 | |
Sports groups, (%) | <0.001 | |||
No participant | 92.4 | 93.9 | 90.9 | |
Not regularly | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.8 | |
Almost every week | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | |
Almost daily | 5.6 | 4.8 | 6.4 | |
Community-related organization, (%) | <0.001 | |||
No participant | 97.5 | 97.1 | 97.9 | |
Not regularly | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.1 | |
Almost every week | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | |
Almost daily | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | |
Volunteer, (%) | 0.001 | |||
No participant | 86.1 | 84.9 | 87.3 | |
Not regularly | 10.3 | 11.3 | 9.4 | |
Almost every week | 2.0 | 2.4 | 1.6 | |
Almost daily | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.7 |
Gender | Social Activities | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE) | p | B (SE) | p | B (SE) | p | |||
Men | Interaction with friends (ref. no participant) | |||||||
Not regularly | 0.89 (0.19) | <0.001 | 0.39 (0.17) | 0.020 | 0.37 (0.17) | 0.026 | ||
Almost every week | 1.27 (0.24) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.21) | 0.002 | 0.62 (0.21) | 0.003 | ||
Almost daily | 0.54 (0.19) | 0.004 | 0.55 (0.16) | 0.001 | 0.50 (0.16) | 0.002 | ||
Hobby groups (ref. no participant) | ||||||||
Not regularly | 0.88 (0.22) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.19) | 0.010 | 0.37 (0.18) | 0.043 | ||
Almost every week | 1.86 (0.24) | <0.001 | 1.25 (0.21) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.21) | <0.001 | ||
Almost daily | 1.08 (0.21) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.19) | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.18) | 0.004 | ||
Sports groups (ref. no participant) | ||||||||
Not regularly | 0.33 (0.70) | 0.637 | −0.49 (0.61) | 0.428 | −0.62 (0.60) | 0.295 | ||
Almost every week | 1.48 (0.76) | 0.052 | 0.09 (0.67) | 0.897 | −0.06 (0.65) | 0.931 | ||
Almost daily | 1.79 (0.28) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.25) | 0.003 | 0.60 (0.24) | 0.013 | ||
Community-related organization (ref. no participant) | ||||||||
Not regularly | 0.94 (0.42) | 0.025 | 0.25 (0.37) | 0.504 | 0.18 (0.36) | 0.615 | ||
Almost every week | 1.13 (0.74) | 0.127 | 0.54 (0.64) | 0.406 | 0.47 (0.63) | 0.458 | ||
Almost daily | 2.34 (1.31) | 0.074 | 1.60 (1.15) | 0.164 | 1.22 (1.12) | 0.275 | ||
Volunteer (ref. no participant) | ||||||||
Not regularly | 0.42 (0.19) | 0.030 | 0.15 (0.17) | 0.384 | 0.13 (0.16) | 0.416 | ||
Almost every week | 0.27 (0.40) | 0.495 | 0.04 (0.34) | 0.916 | 0.17 (0.33) | 0.623 | ||
Almost daily | 0.32 (0.49) | 0.513 | −0.18 (0.43) | 0.676 | −0.19 (0.42) | 0.648 | ||
Women | Interaction with friends (ref. no participant) | |||||||
Not regularly | 0.52 (0.22) | 0.021 | 0.45 (0.19) | 0.017 | 0.43 (0.18) | 0.019 | ||
Almost every week | 0.89 (0.28) | 0.001 | 0.56 (0.24) | 0.019 | 0.44 (0.23) | 0.057 | ||
Almost daily | −0.05 (1.78) | 0.760 | 0.33 (0.15) | 0.029 | 0.29 (0.15) | 0.043 | ||
Hobby groups (ref. no participant) | ||||||||
Not regularly | 2.93 (0.32) | <0.001 | 1.58 (0.27) | <0.001 | 1.24 (0.27) | <0.001 | ||
Almost every week | 2.45 (0.34) | <0.001 | 1.23 (0.29) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.28) | <0.001 | ||
Almost daily | 1.95 (0.30) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.26) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.25) | 0.013 | ||
Sports groups (ref. no participant) | ||||||||
Not regularly | 1.43 (0.50) | 0.004 | 0.38 (0.42) | 0.368 | 0.44 (0.41) | 0.282 | ||
Almost every week | 2.58 (0.73) | <0.001 | 1.31 (0.62) | 0.035 | 1.19 (0.60) | 0.048 | ||
Almost daily | 2.29 (0.28) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.24) | 0.048 | 0.27 (0.23) | 0.238 | ||
Community-related organization (ref. no participant) | ||||||||
Not regularly | 1.53 (0.66) | 0.019 | 0.40 (0.56) | 0.474 | 0.33 (0.54) | 0.545 | ||
Almost every week | 1.32 (0.90) | 0.141 | 0.68 (0.76) | 0.373 | 0.62 (0.74) | 0.400 | ||
Almost daily | 2.84 (0.96) | 0.003 | 0.73 (0.81) | 0.369 | 0.56 (0.79) | 0.481 | ||
Volunteer (ref. no participant) | ||||||||
Not regularly | 0.88 (0.23) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.20) | 0.013 | 0.42 (0.19) | 0.026 | ||
Almost every week | 0.52 (0.53) | 0.333 | −0.13 (0.45) | 0.778 | −0.04 (0.43) | 0.928 | ||
Almost daily | 1.25 (0.51) | 0.015 | 0.88 (0.44) | 0.044 | 0.78 (0.42) | 0.063 |
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Fu, C.; Li, Z.; Mao, Z. Association between Social Activities and Cognitive Function among the Elderly in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020231
Fu C, Li Z, Mao Z. Association between Social Activities and Cognitive Function among the Elderly in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(2):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020231
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Chang, Zhen Li, and Zongfu Mao. 2018. "Association between Social Activities and Cognitive Function among the Elderly in China: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 2: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020231