The Association between Children’s and Parents’ Co-TV Viewing and Their Total Screen Time in Six European Countries: Cross-Sectional Data from the Feel4diabetes-Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Background
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
3. Results
3.1. Descriptives
3.2. Association of Co-TV Viewing and Screen Time of the Child
3.2.1. Total Sample
3.2.2. Effects per Country
3.3. Association of Co-TV Viewing and Screen Time of the Parent
3.3.1. Total Sample
3.3.2. Effects per Country
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
The Feel4Diabetes-study group consists of
The Feel4Diabetes member group
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Characteristics | Parents | Children | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Parents | Fathers | Mothers | All Children | Boys | Girls | |
n | 10,969 | 1183 | 9786 | 10,696 | 5380 | 5589 |
Age, in years (SD) | 40.7 (5.3) | 43.6 (5.9) | 40.3 (5.1) | 8.2 (1.0) | 8.2 (1.0) | 8.2 (1.0) |
Sex, % | 100 | 10.8 | 89.2 | 100 | 49.0 | 51.0 |
BMI a, in kg/m² (SD) | 24.4 (4.6) | 27.1 (3.9) | 24.0 (4.6) | 17.3 (2.8) | 17.3 (2.8) | 17.3 (2.9) |
Screen time, in min/day (SD) | 113.3 (80.7) | 132.2 (84.0) | 111.0 (80.0) | 106.9 (67.0) | 111.8 (67.8) | 102.3 (65.9) |
Co-TV viewing, % (range) | Parent-child dyad | Father-child dyad | Mother-child dyad | Son-parent dyad | Daughter-parent dyad | |
Never | 2.2 (1.8–2.8) b | 2.0 (1.3–3.8) | 2.3 (1.8–2.5) | (see parent-child dyad) | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 2.6 (1.9–3.0) |
Rarely | 16.3 (13.5–18.8) b | 14.0 (10.3–20.5) | 16.6 (13.9–18.7) | (see parent-child dyad) | 16.0 (11.2–18.8) | 16.6 (14.1–18.8) |
Sometimes | 42.1 (34.9–51.6) b | 40.5 (24.6–53.7) | 42.4 (36.1–51.3) | (see parent-child dyad) | 42.9 (33.7–54.0) | 41.6 (36.0–49.2) |
Often | 30.6 (25.5–35.5) b | 34.6 (30.3–43.9) | 30.1 (24.3–34.3) | (see parent-child dyad) | 30.8 (25.9–36.9) | 30.3 (25.1–33.8) |
Very often | 8.6 (3.5–10.9) b | 8.9 (4.0–12.4) | 8.6 (3.4–11.0) | (see parent-child dyad) | 8.4 (3.4–10.4) | 8.9 (3.5–11.8) |
Total (n = 9815) | Belgium (n = 1581) | Bulgaria (n = 2421) | Finland (n = 1168) | Greece (n = 1929) | Hungary (n = 1564) | Spain (n = 1152) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed Part | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) |
Intercept | 117.97 (3.31) | 114.65 (4.47) | 121.14 (6.50) | 126.26 (4.66) | 119.32 (4.66) | 140.53 (10.48) | 89.38 (4.95) |
BMI child | 1.21 (0.24) *** | 2.30 (0.74) ** | 1.42 (0.47) ** | ns | ns | ns | 2.15 (0.64) ** |
BMI parent | 0.33 (0.15) * | ns | ns | ns | 0.79 (0.32) * | ns | ns |
Age child | 5.79 (0.71) *** | 5.70 (1.69) ** | 8.82 (1.58) *** | 10.60 (1.64) *** | ns | ns | ns |
Age parent | −0.40 (0.13) ** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Sex child a | −10.37 (3.79) ** | −8.17 (2.95) ** | −9.33 (2.60) *** | −18.86 (3.01) *** | −11.98 (2.92) *** | ns | ns |
Sex parent b | −8.78 (2.16) *** | −9.21 (4.46) * | ns | −10.85 (4.67) * | −12.72 (4.61) ** | ns | ns |
PA level child | −3.33 (0.44) *** | ns | −4.05 (0.86) *** | −8.91 (1.24) *** | −3.32 (0.94) *** | ns | ns |
PA level parent | 2.25 (0.33) *** | ns | 1.87 (0.68) ** | ns | ns | 3.99 (0.98) *** | ns |
Co-TV viewing | 11.85 (3.69) *** | 19.51 (5.98) ** | ns | ns | ns | 28.46 (9.34) ** | 25.90 (8.24) ** |
Co-TV viewing * Sex child | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Co-TV viewing * Sex parent | ns | ns | ns | ns | 20.29 (6.70) ** | ns | ns |
Stratified analysis c | |||||||
Father-child dyads (n = 250) | - | - | - | - | ns | - | - |
Mother-child dyads (n = 1679) | - | - | - | - | 14.19 (2.40) *** | - | - |
Co-TV viewing * Sex child * Sex parent | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 26.00 (12.72) * | ns |
Stratified analysis c | |||||||
Son-father dyads (n = 84) | - | - | - | - | - | 33.09 (10.75) ** | - |
Son-mother dyads (n = 667) | - | - | - | - | - | 18.18 (3.17) *** | |
Daughter-father dyads (n = 74) | - | - | - | - | - | ns | - |
Daughter-mother dyads (n = 739) | - | - | - | - | - | 22.94 (2.94) *** | - |
Random part | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) |
Country-level variance | 160.01 (37.28) *** | - | - | - | - | - | - |
School-level variance | 0.00 (0.00) d | 64.07 (34.96) | 179.98 (72.77) * | 16.99 (20.07) | 32.00 (32.30) | 927.95 (390.41) * | 53.07 (36.07) |
Class-level variance | 523.47 (214.20) * | 0.00 (0.00) d | 34.64 (40.45) | 0.00 (0.00) d | 81.16 (61.81) | 192.93 (80.44) * | 82.68 (57.01) |
Individual-level variance | 3421.80 (217.64) *** | 3314.11 (119.81) *** | 3989.45 (120.05) *** | 2572.06 (107.45) *** | 3902.99 (134.92) *** | 5054.01 (187.23) *** | 2382.68 (108.62) *** |
Total (n = 9830) | Belgium (n = 1588) | Bulgaria (n = 2420) | Finland (n = 1165) | Greece (n = 1931) | Hungary (n = 1568) | Spain (n = 1158) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed Part | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) |
Intercept | 130.35 (3.92) | 139.14 (5.64) | 145.12 (7.64) | 124.11 (5.01) | 139.82 (6.06) | 125.40 (6.79) | 107.45 (6.51) |
BMI child | −0.64 (0.29) * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
BMI parent | 1.28 (0.18) *** | 1.40 (0.50) ** | 1.06 (0.41) * | 1.85 (0.38) *** | 2.10 (0.42) *** | ns | 1.49 (0.49) ** |
Age child | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Age parent | −0.94 (0.16) *** | ns | ns | −1.30 (0.33) *** | −0.80 (0.38) * | ns | 2.33 (2.28) *** |
Sex child a | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Sex parent b | −22.11 (2.62) *** | −12.32 (5.82) * | ns | −20.21 (5.13) *** | −35.48 (6.02) *** | −27.36 (6.43) *** | −21.40 (6.61) ** |
PA level child | ns | ns | ns | −3.86 (1.37) ** | ns | ns | 4.98 (1.40) *** |
PA level parent | −0.97 (0.40) * | ns | ns | −2.45 (0.96) * | −1.98 (0.89) * | ns | ns |
Co-TV viewing | 14.47 (4.43) ** | 16.33 (7.81) * | ns | 20.11 (8.41) * | ns | 39.18 (9.38) *** | ns |
Co-TV viewing * Sex parent | ns | ns | ns | ns | 23.31 (8.76) ** | ns | ns |
Stratified analysis c | |||||||
Father-child dyads (n = 250) | - | - | - | - | ns | - | - |
Mother-child dyads (n = 1681) | - | - | - | - | 18.89 (3.12) *** | - | - |
Co-TV viewing * Sex child | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | -36.66 (12.19) ** | ns |
Stratified analysis c | |||||||
Parent-son dyads (n = 753) | - | - | - | - | - | 40.44 (9.66) *** | - |
Parent-daughter dyads (n = 815) | - | - | - | - | - | ns | - |
Co-TV viewing * Sex parent * Sex child | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | 37.19 (12.88) ** | ns |
Stratified analysis c | |||||||
Father – son dyads (n = 84) | - | - | - | - | - | 40.44 (9.66) *** | - |
Father – daughter dyads (n = 73) | - | - | - | - | - | ns | - |
Mother – son dyads (n = 669) | - | - | - | - | - | 28.72 (3.11) *** | - |
Mother – daughter dyads (n = 742) | - | - | - | - | - | 27.20 (2.87) *** | - |
Random part | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) | σ2 (SE) |
Country-level variance | 214.40 (51.03) *** | - | - | - | - | - | |
School-level variance | 0.00 (0.00) d | 4.17 (34.71) | 42.57 (35.21) | 0.00 (0.00) d | 51.20 (52.11) | 59.59 (49.03) | 0.00 (0.00) d |
Class-level variance | 846.67 (315.13) ** | 0.00 (0.00) d | 94.51 (73.52) | 0.00 (0.00) d | 79.18 (99.87) | 119.88 (69.54) | 0.00 (0.00) d |
Individual-level variance | 4990.77 (319.73) *** | 5730.31 (206.16) *** | 6915.43 (208.17) *** | 3115.73 (129.10) *** | 6721.43 (231.96) *** | 5152.52 (190.49) *** | 4705.76 (195.57) *** |
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Latomme, J.; Van Stappen, V.; Cardon, G.; Morgan, P.J.; Lateva, M.; Chakarova, N.; Kivelä, J.; Lindström, J.; Androutsos, O.; González-Gil, E.M.; et al. The Association between Children’s and Parents’ Co-TV Viewing and Their Total Screen Time in Six European Countries: Cross-Sectional Data from the Feel4diabetes-Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112599
Latomme J, Van Stappen V, Cardon G, Morgan PJ, Lateva M, Chakarova N, Kivelä J, Lindström J, Androutsos O, González-Gil EM, et al. The Association between Children’s and Parents’ Co-TV Viewing and Their Total Screen Time in Six European Countries: Cross-Sectional Data from the Feel4diabetes-Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(11):2599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112599
Chicago/Turabian StyleLatomme, Julie, Vicky Van Stappen, Greet Cardon, Philip J. Morgan, Mina Lateva, Nevena Chakarova, Jemina Kivelä, Jaana Lindström, Odysseas Androutsos, Esther M. González-Gil, and et al. 2018. "The Association between Children’s and Parents’ Co-TV Viewing and Their Total Screen Time in Six European Countries: Cross-Sectional Data from the Feel4diabetes-Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11: 2599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112599