The Association between Air Pollution and Population Health Risk for Respiratory Infection: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Air Pollutuion Data
2.2. Hospital Admission Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis Model for Time Series Study
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Statistical and General Analysis
3.2. Comparison among Different Groups
3.3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Amount | Mean ± SD | Min | P (25) | Median | P (75) | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospital admission | |||||||
Acute upper respiratory | 11,994 | 34 ± 9 | 12 | 28 | 33 | 40 | 63 |
Male | 7193 | 20 ± 6 | 6 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 39 |
Female | 4801 | 14 ± 5 | 2 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 30 |
0–14 years | 10,633 | 30 ± 8 | 8 | 25 | 29 | 35 | 55 |
15–64 years | 1204 | 3 ± 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 15 |
>65 years | 157 | 0 ± 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
Acute lower respiratory | 23,283 | 66 ± 12 | 29 | 57 | 66 | 74 | 102 |
Male | 14,447 | 41 ± 8 | 16 | 35 | 41 | 46 | 66 |
Female | 8836 | 25 ± 6 | 9 | 21 | 25 | 29 | 49 |
0–14 years | 19,391 | 55 ± 11 | 27 | 46 | 55 | 62 | 88 |
15–64 years | 2995 | 8 ± 4 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 21 |
>65 years | 897 | 3 ± 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
Item | Mean ± SD | Min | P (25) | Median | P (75) | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air pollutant | ||||||
SO2 (μg/m3) | 13 ± 5.5 | 5.0 | 8.1 | 10.5 | 14.2 | 53.4 |
NO2 (μg/m3) | 39 ± 16.4 | 14.8 | 29.8 | 37.6 | 49.0 | 104.8 |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 62 ± 34.8 | 10.3 | 35.4 | 50.3 | 80.7 | 184.8 |
PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 43 ± 24.6 | 8.3 | 21.3 | 34.9 | 54.7 | 135.8 |
Meteorological factors | ||||||
Temperature (°C) | 23.5 ± 4.9 | 9.8 | 19.8 | 24.6 | 27.7 | 31.2 |
Pressure (hPa) | 1004.9 ± 6.1 | 986.8 | 1000.2 | 1004.6 | 1010.1 | 1019.2 |
Relative humidity (%) | 75.5 ± 14.8 | 24 | 68 | 78 | 87 | 100 |
Pollutant | Threshold | Upper Respiratory | Lower Respiratory |
---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 100 (μg/m3) | 13.5 (5.6, 22.0) * | 22.8 (16.5, 29.3) * |
PM2.5 | 80 (μg/m3) | 20.6 (5.6, 37.7) * | 34.1 (21.0, 48.6) * |
SO2 | 30 (μg/m3) | 7.4 (−79, 81.3) | 9.2 (−66.9, 84.1) |
NO2 | 60 (μg/m3) | 9.2 (−3.8, 24) | 32.1 (20.5, 44.9) * |
R2 | NO2 | PM10 | PM2.5 |
---|---|---|---|
SO2 | 0.46 | 0.68 | 0.66 |
NO2 | 0.57 | 0.45 | |
PM10 | 0.92 |
Pollutant | Adjustment | Upper Respiratory | Lower Respiratory |
---|---|---|---|
SO2 | none | 7.4 (−79, 81.3) | 9.2 (−66.9, 84.1) |
NO2 | 7.2 (−67, 81.4) | 7.9 (−51.3, 67.1) | |
PM10 | 8.6 (−53.3, 70.5) | 10.3 (−48.1, 68.7) | |
PM2.5 | 6.9 (−60.5, 74.3) | 8.7 (−41.1, 58.5) | |
NO2 | none | 9.2 (−3.8, 24) | 32.1 (20.5, 44.9) * |
SO2 | 7.3 (−2.2, 26.7) | 10.5 (−3.3, 23.2) | |
PM10 | 8.6 (−1.8, 18.9) | 25.1 (18.8, 31.4) * | |
PM2.5 | 8.9 (−1.5, 19.2) | 27.3 (19.2, 35.4) * | |
PM10 | none | 13.5 (5.6, 22.0) * | 22.8 (16.5, 29.3) * |
SO2 | 7.3 (−2.2, 26.7) | 10.5 (−3.3, 23.2) | |
NO2 | 10.3 (1.2, 19.7) * | 15.3 (8.2, 22.9) * | |
PM2.5 | none | 20.6 (5.6, 37.7) * | 34.1 (21.0, 48.6) * |
SO2 | 7.3 (−2.2, 26.7) | 10.5 (−3.3, 23.2) | |
NO2 | 10.3 (1.2, 19.7) * | 15.3 (8.2, 22.9) * |
Infection | Group | PM10 | PM2.5 | SO2 | NO2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper respiratory | Male | 10.3 (1.2, 20.3) * | 15.6 (1.3, 30.1) * | 5.2 (−79.5, 83.6) | 5.7 (−9.2, 23.0) |
Female | 18.3 (7.3, 30.5) * | 27.9 (6.5, 53.6) * | 8.1 (−67.5, 82.2) | 14.1 (−3.7, 35.1) | |
0–14 years | 13.1 (5.2, 21.6) * | 20.2 (5.3, 37.3) * | 7.1 (−57.0, 71.3) | 8.0 (−5.0, 22.8) | |
15–64 years | 21.5 (−3.4, 52.7) | 29.6 (−15.2, 78.1) | 13.1 (−62.9, 93.3) | 31.9 (−7.9, 71.9) | |
>65 years | 6.5 (−40.8, 55.9) | −19.1 (−73.8, 49.1) | −26.4 (−79.7, 26.7) | −10.7 (−76.5, 49.9) | |
Lower respiratory | Male | 20.8 (13.7, 28.2) * | 33.2 (18.7, 49.7) * | 6.7 (−69.5, 81.3) | 26.1 (13.4, 40.3) * |
Female | 24.2 (15.6, 33.4) * | 31.0 (13.9, 50.5) * | 10.3 (−48.3, 77.0) | 42.9 (26.6, 61.3) * | |
0–14 years | 25.1 (18.5, 32.0) * | 40.2 (26.0, 56.1) * | 9.1 (−50.8, 68.6) | 34.2 (7.3, 30.5) * | |
15–64 years | 8.6 (1.5, 17.6) * | 13.4 (0.6, 26.2) * | −13.7 (−83.9, 58.3) | 9.2 (−11.8, 35.2) | |
>65 years | 23.7 (−1.4, 55.4) | 16.9 (−24.5, 60.9) | 11.4 (−58.9, 83.0) | 68.1 (14.1, 147.6) * |
Pollutant | Threshold | Days over Threshold | Daily Limit | Days over Limit |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 100 (μg/m3) | 63 | 150 (μg/m3) | 13 |
PM2.5 | 80 (μg/m3) | 31 | 75 (μg/m3) | 44 |
SO2 | 30 (μg/m3) | 5 | 150 (μg/m3) | 0 |
NO2 | 60 (μg/m3) | 48 | 80 (μg/m3) | 6 |
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Xia, X.; Zhang, A.; Liang, S.; Qi, Q.; Jiang, L.; Ye, Y. The Association between Air Pollution and Population Health Risk for Respiratory Infection: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090950
Xia X, Zhang A, Liang S, Qi Q, Jiang L, Ye Y. The Association between Air Pollution and Population Health Risk for Respiratory Infection: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(9):950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090950
Chicago/Turabian StyleXia, Xiaolin, An Zhang, Shi Liang, Qingwen Qi, Lili Jiang, and Yanjun Ye. 2017. "The Association between Air Pollution and Population Health Risk for Respiratory Infection: A Case Study of Shenzhen, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 9: 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090950