Developing a Water Quality Index (WQI) for an Irrigation Dam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics Water in the La Vega Dam Reservoir
3.2. Water Quality Index
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Mexican Standards | Analytical Method |
---|---|---|
pH | NMX-AA-008-SCFI-2000 [24] | Potentiometer |
EC (dS·m−1) | NMX-AA-093-SCFI-2000 [25] | Potentiometer |
DO (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-012-SCFI-2001 [26] | Potentiometer |
TDS (mg·L−1) | Standard Methods 2540 c [27] | Potentiometer |
TH (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-072-SCFI-2001 [28] | Titration |
Alk (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-072-SCFI-2001 [28] | Titration |
Cl− (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-073-SCFI-2001 [29] | Potentiometer with silver nitrate |
NO3 (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-082-1996 [30] | Cadmium column (Griess-Ilosvay Met.) |
SO4 (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-074-1981 [31] | Spectrophotometry |
TP (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-029-SCFI-2001 [32] | Spectrophotometry |
Ca (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-51-SCFI-2001 [33] | Atomic Absorption |
Mg (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-51-SCFI-2001 [33] | Atomic Absorption |
Na (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-51-SCFI-2001 [33] | Atomic Absorption |
K (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-51-SCFI-2001 [33] | Atomic Absorption |
B (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-51-SCFI-2001 [33] | Spectrophotometry |
As (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-51-SCFI-2001 [33] | Atomic Absorption |
Cu (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-51-SCFI-2001 [33] | Atomic Absorption |
Zn (mg·L−1) | NMX-AA-51-SCFI-2001 [33] | Atomic Absorption |
Parameter | pH | EC | DO | TDS | TH | Alk | Cl− | NO3 | SO4 | Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dS·m−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | % | ||
Analytical value | 1/14 | >16.00 | 0 | >1.500 | >1.500 | >1.500 | >400 | >55 | >250 | 0 |
2/13 | 12 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 1 | 350 | 50 | 225 | 10 | |
3/12 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 800 | 800 | 300 | 45 | 200 | 20 | |
4/11 | 5 | 3 | 800 | 600 | 600 | 250 | 40 | 175 | 30 | |
5/10 | 3 | 3.5 | 600 | 500 | 500 | 200 | 35 | 150 | 40 | |
6/9.5 | 2.5 | 4 | 500 | 400 | 400 | 150 | 30 | 130 | 50 | |
6.5 | 2 | 5 | 400 | 300 | 300 | 100 | 25 | 100 | 60 | |
9 | 1.5 | 6 | 300 | 200 | 200 | 50 | 20 | 75 | 70 | |
8.5 | 1.25 | 6.5 | 200 | 100 | 100 | 25 | 10 | 50 | 80 | |
8 | 1 | 7 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 10 | 5 | 25 | 90 | |
7 | <750 | 7.5 | <100 | <25 | <25 | <10 | <5 | <10 | 100 |
Parameter | TP | Ca | Mg | Na | K | B | As | Cu | Zn | Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | mg·L−1 | % | |
Analytical value | >0.65 | >250 | >50 | >90 | >35 | >3.0 | >0.30 | >0.30 | >4.0 | 0 |
0.6 | 225 | 45 | 80 | 30 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 0.28 | 3.6 | 10 | |
0.55 | 200 | 40 | 70 | 25 | 2 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 3.2 | 20 | |
0.5 | 175 | 35 | 60 | 20 | 1.5 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 2.8 | 30 | |
0.45 | 150 | 30 | 50 | 15 | 1 | 0.12 | 0.22 | 2.4 | 40 | |
0.4 | 120 | 24 | 40 | 10 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2 | 50 | |
0.3 | 100 | 20 | 30 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 1.6 | 60 | |
0.25 | 75 | 15 | 20 | 6 | 0.4 | 0.08 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 70 | |
0.2 | 50 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.8 | 80 | |
0.15 | 25 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.4 | 90 | |
<0.10 | <20 | <5 | <5 | <1 | <0.1 | <0.05 | <0.01 | <0.02 | 100 |
Parameter | Weight (Wi) | Parameter | Weight (Wi) |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 2 | TP | 1 |
EC | 3 | Ca | 2 |
DO | 1 | Mg | 3 |
TDS | 2 | Na | 5 |
TH | 2 | K | 5 |
Alk | 3 | B | 5 |
Cl− | 3 | As | 4 |
NO3 | 1 | Cu | 2 |
SO4 | 5 | Zn | 2 |
Sampling Site 1 | Sampling Site 2 | Sampling Site 3 | Sampling Site 4 | Sampling Site 5 | Sampling Site 6 | Sampling Site 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 8.23 ± 0.56 | 8.27 ± 0.50 | 8.17 ± 0.56 | 8.42 ± 0.43 | 8.61 ± 0.66 | 8.43 ± 0.42 | 8.41 ± 0.56 |
EC (dS·m−1) | 449 ± 165 | 447 ± 144 | 483 ± 149 | 457 ± 138 | 480 ± 184 | 445 ± 136 | 447 ± 123 |
DO (mg·L−1) | 5.34 ± 0.83 | 5.39 ± 1.41 | 5.42 ± 0.75 | 5.47 ± 0.61 | 6.01 ± 0.55 | 6.18 ± 0.47 | 6.14 ± 0.50 |
TDS (mg·L−1) | 219 ± 80.1 | 219 ± 71.3 | 237 ± 73.7 | 224 ± 67.8 | 236 ± 72.9 | 218 ± 67.2 | 219 ± 60.7 |
TH (mg·L−1) | 45.2 ± 38.7 | 61.2 ± 44.3 | 59.2 ± 43.8 | 42.5 ± 39.5 | 57.7 ± 46.8 | 31.7 ± 40.9 | 42.9 ± 40.6 |
Alk (mg·L−1) | 14.2 ± 12.1 | 13.3 ± 12.5 | 14.8 ± 11.3 | 13.1 ± 12.4 | 18.1 ± 14.7 | 9.96 ± 12.8 | 11.3 ± 13.6 |
Cl− (mg·L−1) | 31.9 ± 11.5 | 36.4 ± 8.14 | 37.9 ± 10.2 | 36.2 ± 7.03 | 37.3 ± 6.96 | 30.1 ± 10.2 | 32.3 ± 9.97 |
NO3 (mg·L−1) | 0.76 ± 1.01 | 0.54 ± 0.57 | 1.37 ± 2.24 | 0.50 ± 0.62 | 1.08 ± 2.01 | 1.37 ± 1.84 | 0.96 ± 1.27 |
TP (mg·L−1) | 0.59 ± 0.32 | 0.45 ± 0.15 | 0.45 ± 0.24 | 0.30 ± 0.19 | 0.15 ± 0.12 | 0.31 ± 0.18 | 0.29 ± 0.13 |
SO4 (mg·L−1) | 10.3 ± 7.52 | 11.1 ± 9.39 | 11.1 ± 6.12 | 14.1 ± 9.22 | 9.80 ± 2.22 | 11.7 ± 14.1 | 13.8 ± 7.24 |
Ca (mg·L−1) | 7.25 ± 6.20 | 6.99 ± 6.29 | 6.80 ± 6.15 | 6.81 ± 6.34 | 9.26 ± 7.51 | 5.09 ± 6.57 | 6.14 ± 6.72 |
Mg (mg·L−1) | 5.47 ± 2.07 | 5.39 ± 2.05 | 5.40 ± 1.80 | 5.86 ± 1.58 | 5.93 ± 2.48 | 6.20 ± 1.66 | 5.57 ± 1.87 |
Na (mg·L−1) | 76.5 ± 28.5 | 77.2 ± 26.7 | 85.3 ± 25.3 | 69.6 ± 37.8 | 79.3 ± 25.3 | 74.6 ± 23.9 | 76.0 ± 19.9 |
K (mg·L−1) | 11.6 ± 2.83 | 11.9 ± 1.81 | 12.2 ± 1.86 | 11.9 ± 1.53 | 11.9 ± 2.10 | 12.4 ± 1.60 | 11.3 ± 1.38 |
B (mg·L−1) | 3.80 ± 0.84 | 3.85 ± 0.86 | 4.24 ± 0.73 | 3.84 ± 0.61 | 3.89 ± 0.62 | 3.80 ± 0.59 | 3.75 ± 0.59 |
As (mg·L−1) | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.02 |
Cu (mg·L−1) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Zn (mg·L−1) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Date | Sampling Site 1 | Sampling Site 2 | Sampling Site 3 | Sampling Site 4 | Sampling Site 5 | Sampling Site 6 | Sampling Site 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
March | 57.34 | 56.60 | 54.15 | 56.81 | 56.17 | 59.04 | 58.51 |
June | 55.32 | 54.79 | 54.89 | 55.85 | 55.53 | 60.85 | 58.72 |
July | 63.72 | 62.98 | 62.77 | 64.89 | 64.68 | 66.38 | 67.66 |
September | 70.96 | 69.26 | 65.85 | 73.30 | 69.26 | 69.79 | 69.57 |
December | 61.17 | 63.11 | 60.85 | 61.70 | 56.06 | 61.17 | 66.70 |
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De La Mora-Orozco, C.; Flores-Lopez, H.; Rubio-Arias, H.; Chavez-Duran, A.; Ochoa-Rivero, J. Developing a Water Quality Index (WQI) for an Irrigation Dam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050439
De La Mora-Orozco C, Flores-Lopez H, Rubio-Arias H, Chavez-Duran A, Ochoa-Rivero J. Developing a Water Quality Index (WQI) for an Irrigation Dam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(5):439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050439
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe La Mora-Orozco, Celia, Hugo Flores-Lopez, Hector Rubio-Arias, Alvaro Chavez-Duran, and Jesus Ochoa-Rivero. 2017. "Developing a Water Quality Index (WQI) for an Irrigation Dam" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 5: 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050439