Occupational Safety and Health Conditions Aboard Small- and Medium-Size Fishing Vessels: Differences among Age Groups
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Sample Size
2.2. Data Collection Method
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Association of Age Group with Injury Types
3.3. Association of Age Groups with Accident Types
3.4. Association of Age Groups and Accident Conditions with Accident Types, Injury Types
3.5. Association of Age Groups and Work Conditions with Illnesses
3.6. Association of Age Groups and Psychosocial Work Conditions with Job Satisfaction
3.7. Association of Age Group and Psychosocial Work Conditions with Musculoskeletal Disorders
3.8. Limitations of the Study
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | % Fishermen | Characteristic | % Fishermen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Young (15–24 Years) n = 150 | Middle-Aged (25–49 Years) n = 414 | Aging (≥50 Years) n = 122 | Young (15–24 Years) n = 150 | Middle-Aged (25–49 Years) n = 414 | Aging (≥50 Years) n = 122 | ||
Age group | Years on job | ||||||
<18 years | 11.33 | <3 years | 2.0 | ||||
18–21 years | 29.33 | 3–6 years | 20.0 | ||||
21–25 years | 59.33 | ≥6 years | 78.0 | ||||
25–30 years | 29.5 | <10 years | 3.4 | ||||
30–40 years | 40.1 | 10–20 years | 37.7 | ||||
40–50 years | 30.4 | ≥20 years | 58.9 | ||||
50–55 years | 38.5 | <20 years | 2.5 | ||||
55–60 years | 32.0 | 20–40 years | 26.2 | ||||
≥60 years | 29.5 | ≥40 years | 71.3 | ||||
Fishing gear | Education level | ||||||
Seiners | 72.7 | 62.9 | 58.2 | Illiterate | 32.7 | 44.7 | 75.4 |
Trawlers | 14 | 17.1 | 20.5 | Read and write | 52.7 | 38.6 | 23.8 |
All others | 13.3 | 20.0 | 21.3 | High school | 13.3 | 15.7 | 0.8 |
Smoking | University | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0 | |||
Tobacco smokers | 38.5 | 60.7 | 53.1 |
Safety and Health Condition | Odds Ratios (95% CI) Relative to the Middle-Aged | |
---|---|---|
Aging | Young | |
Injury types | ||
Sprains, strains and contusions | 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) |
Cuts and lacerations | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) |
Bone fractures | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) |
Amputations | 1.5 (0.6, 3.8) | 0.7 (0.2, 2.1) |
Burns | 1.7 (0.5, 5.8) | 1.8 (0.6, 5.4) |
Accident types | ||
Falls, slips and trips | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.9) |
Contact (by or with) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) |
Struck (by or against) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.1) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) |
Caught (in, on or between) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
Accident conditions | ||
Unstable vessel | 2.8 (1.4, 5.4) | 1.8 (1.1, 3.0) |
Hazardous net parts | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
Hazardous machine parts | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) |
Catch-related (fish and boxes) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.7, 1.8) |
Vessel sinking | 1.7 (0.2, 18.9) | 4.2 (0.7, 25.4) |
Illnesses | ||
MSDs | 0.8 (0.3, 2.1) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) |
Vision problems | 2.4 (1.2, 4.7) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) |
Hearing problems | 1.8 (1.1, 2.8) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.8) |
Gastro-intestinal problems | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
Urinary tract problems | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) |
Respiratory problems | 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) |
Genital problems (mainly prostatitis) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.6) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.4) |
Work satisfaction | ||
Satisfied with work | 4.7 (3.0, 7.2) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) |
Well-paid for work | 3.0 (2.0, 4.6) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) |
Wish to continue in work | 3.7 (2.4, 5.6) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) |
Major Accident Condition | Age Group | Odds Ratios (95% CI) for the Association with Accident Type | ||||
Falls, Slips and Trips | Contact (by or with) | Struck (by or against) | Caught (in, on or between) | |||
Unstable vessel | Overall 1 Aging 2 Young 2 | 21.2 (10.0, 34.7) 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) 1.5 (0.8, 2.6) | 3.4 (1.9, 6.0) 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) 1.7 (1.2, 2.6) | |||
Hazardous net parts | Overall Aging Young | 10.0 (6.2, 16.2) 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | 2.6 (1.8, 3.7) 1.3 (0.6, 2.1) 1.9 (1.2, 2.8) | 10.6 (7.1, 16.1) 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) | ||
Hazardous machine parts | Overall Aging Young | 10.6 (6.6, 16.9) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 2.0 (1.3, 2.9) | 2.5 (1.7, 3.5) 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) 2.1 (1.4, 3.2) | 7.2 (4.8, 10.6) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | ||
Catch-related (fish and boxes) | Overall Aging Young | 30.5 (14.0, 66.6) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 1.5 (1.0, 2.3) | ||||
Major Accident Condition | Age Group | Odds Ratios (95% CI) for the Association with Injury Type | ||||
Sprains, Strains and Contusions | Cuts and Lacerations | Bone Fractures | Amputations | Burns | ||
Unstable vessel | Overall Aging Young | 49.4 (23.4, 104.4) 0.9 (0.5, 1.4) 1.5 (0.9, 2.5) | 20.4 (10.7, 39.0) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 16.9 (4.1, 69.4) 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | ||
Hazardous net parts | Overall Aging Young | 10.0 (5.5, 18.1) 1.3 (0.9, 2.1) 1.7 (1.1, 2.7) | 32.4 (14.9, 70.5) 1.2 (0.7, 1.8) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | |||
Hazardous machine parts | Overall Aging Young | 2.1 (1.4, 3.1) 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) 1.9 (1.2, 2.8) | 8.6 (5.4, 13.8) 1.0 (0.7, 1.7) 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) | 3.2 (2.1, 4.8) 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 8.5 (3.5, 20.5) 1.4 (0.6, 3.6) 0.9 (0.3, 2.8) | 4.4 (1.6, 11.8) 1.6 (0.5, 5.6) 2.1 (0.7, 6.8) |
Catch-related (fish and boxes) | Overall Aging Young | 36.5 (14.7, 90.4) 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) 1.0 (0.7, 1.6) |
Major Illness | Age Group | Odds Ratios (95% CI) | ||||
Noise | Vibration | Hot Conditions | Cold Conditions | Gases and Smoke | ||
MSDs | Overall 1 Aging 2 Young 2 | 4.8 (0.7, 36.0) 0.9 (0.3, 2.2) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 2.9 (1.4, 5.9) 0.7 (0.3, 1.8) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) | |||
Vision problems | Overall Aging Young | 4.4 (1.6, 12.4) 2.5 (1.3, 5.0) 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 2.6 (1.7, 3.9) 2.4 (1.2, 4.7) 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | |||
Hearing problems | Overall Aging Young | 2.5 (1.8, 3.6) 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) 0.5 (0.4, 0.8) | ||||
Gastrointestinal disorders | Overall Aging Young | 5.5 (3.4, 8.7) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.2) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 2.6 (1.9, 3.6) 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 3.5 (2.5, 5.0) 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | |
Urinary problems | Overall Aging Young | 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 12.6 (7.6, 21.1) 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | |||
Respiratory tract problems | Overall Aging Young | 6.0 (3.5, 10.3) 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.8) 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) 0.4 (0.2, 0.9) | |||
Genital tract problems | Overall Aging Young | 24.4 (7.6, 78.7) 1.6 (0.8, 2.9) 0.8 (0.4, 1.8) | ||||
Major illness | Age Group | Odds Ratios (95% CI) | ||||
Biological Hazards | Heavy Loads | Awkward Postures | Repetitive Hand/Arm Motion | Smoking | ||
MSDs | Overall Aging Young | 4.5 (2.2, 9.4) 0.8 (0.3, 2.1) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 3.4 (1.4, 8.0) 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.3) 0.8 (0.3, 2.1) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | ||
Vision problems | Overall Aging Young | 3.7 (2.2, 6.3) 2.6 (1.3, 5.0) 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | ||||
Hearing problems | Overall Aging Young | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) 1.8 (1.2, 2.9) 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | ||||
Gastrointestinal disorders | Overall Aging Young | 2.7 (1.9, 3.8) 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 2.1 (1.5, 2.9) 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) | |||
Urinary problems | Overall Aging Young | 2.3 (1.6, 3.3) 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.4) 1.5 (0.9, 2.3) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | |||
Respiratory tract problems | Overall Aging Young | 1.8 (1.1, 2.7) 1.2 (0.7, 2.1) 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) | 9.9 (5.0, 19.5) 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | |||
Genital tract problems | Overall Aging Young | 3.0 (1.6, 5.3) 2.0 (1.1, 3.6) 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) | 1.7 (1.0, 3.0) 2.1 (1.2, 3.8) 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) |
Psychosocial Conditions | Age Group | Odds Ratios (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Work Satisfaction | MSDs | ||
Job demand | |||
Feel need training | Overall 1 Aging 2 Young 2 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) 4.3 (2.8, 6.7) 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.1) 0.8 (0.3, 2.2) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) |
Working at high speed | Overall Aging Young | 0.02 (0.01, 0.05) 6.6 (4.2, 10.4) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 2.2 (0.9, 5.4) 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) |
Have inadequate rest periods | Overall Aging Young | 0.02 (0.01, 0.05) 5.3 (3.3, 8.4) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) | 1.2 (0.5, 3.0) 0.8 (0.3, 2.2) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) |
Have long working days | Overall Aging Young | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) 7.4 (4.7, 11.9) 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.2) 0.8 (0.3, 2.1) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) |
Job control | |||
Can decide when to rest | Overall Aging Young | 15.9 (8.6, 29.4) 3.9 (2.4, 6.2) 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) 1.0 (0.4, 2.6) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) |
Can apply your own ideas | Overall Aging Young | 2.3 (1.6, 3.5) 5.4 (3.4, 8.4) 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.8) 0.8 (0.3, 2.2) 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) |
Can change tasks when you wish | Overall Aging Young | 2.0 (1.4, 3.0) 6.1 (3.8, 9.7) 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) 0.9 (0.3, 2.3) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) |
Social support | |||
Easy to get assistance from coworkers | Overall Aging Young | 1.9 (1.4, 2.8) 4.8 (3.1, 7.5) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.3) 0.8 (0.3, 2.2) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) |
Working as a team | Overall Aging Young | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) 5.2 (3.3, 8.1) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.4) 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) |
Captain’s support | Overall Aging Young | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) 4.9 (3.1, 7.5) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) 0.8 (0.3, 2.1) 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) |
No age discrimination | Overall Aging Young | 1.5 (0.9, 2.7) 4.8 (3.1, 7.4) 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.9) 0.8 (0.3, 2.2) 0.3 (0.1, 0.6) |
Work satisfaction | Overall Aging Young | 0.4 (0.2, 0.8) 1.1 (0.4, 3.0) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) |
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Zytoon, M.A.; Basahel, A.M. Occupational Safety and Health Conditions Aboard Small- and Medium-Size Fishing Vessels: Differences among Age Groups. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030229
Zytoon MA, Basahel AM. Occupational Safety and Health Conditions Aboard Small- and Medium-Size Fishing Vessels: Differences among Age Groups. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(3):229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030229
Chicago/Turabian StyleZytoon, Mohamed A., and Abdulrahman M. Basahel. 2017. "Occupational Safety and Health Conditions Aboard Small- and Medium-Size Fishing Vessels: Differences among Age Groups" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 3: 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030229