The Interaction between Ambient PM10 and NO2 on Mortality in Guangzhou, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.1.1. Setting
2.1.2. Mortality Data
2.1.3. Air Pollution and Meteorological Data
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.2.1. Core Model Development
2.2.2. Single Pollutant Analysis
2.2.3. Interaction Analysis
2.2.4. Model Testing and Sensitivity Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean | SD | Percentiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min. | P25 | P50 | P75 | Max. | |||
Daily death counts | |||||||
Total non-accidental | 32.66 | 7.88 | 11.00 | 27.00 | 32.00 | 37.00 | 81.00 |
Cardiovascular | 10.92 | 4.24 | 1.00 | 8.00 | 10.00 | 13.00 | 36.00 |
Cerebrovascular | 3.92 | 2.16 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 4.00 | 5.00 | 13.00 |
Air pollution concentrations (μg/m3) | |||||||
PM10 | 71.79 | 40.17 | 8.33 | 43.58 | 63.00 | 91.33 | 307.50 |
NO2 | 60.31 | 29.63 | 12.96 | 38.40 | 53.87 | 76.17 | 199.40 |
Meteorological factors | |||||||
Mean temperature (°C) | 22.89 | 6.19 | 5.40 | 18.60 | 24.40 | 27.80 | 33.50 |
Relative humidity (%) | 71.14 | 13.04 | 25.00 | 64.00 | 72.00 | 81.00 | 99.00 |
Variables | PM10 | NO2 | Mean Temperature | Relative Humidity |
---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | 1.00 | 0.75 | −0.16 | −0.16 |
NO2 | 1.00 | −0.15 | −0.07 | |
Mean temperature | 1.00 | 0.17 | ||
Relative humidity | 1.00 |
Death Causes | ERR% (95% CI) of PM10 | ERR% (95% CI) of NO2 |
---|---|---|
Total non-accidental | ||
Lag 0 | 0.31 (0.05, 0.57) * | 0.67 (0.30, 1.04) * |
Lag 1 | 0.40 (0.14, 0.66) | 0.84 (0.46, 1.21) * |
Lag 2 | 0.25 (0.01, 0.50) * | 0.43 (0.07, 0.80) * |
Lag 3 | −0.03 (−0.28, 0.22) | −0.01 (−0.36, 0.35) |
Lag 0–1 | 0.47 (0.18, 0.77) * | 0.95 (0.53, 1.37) * |
Lag 0–2 | 0.52 (0.20, 0.84) * | 0.98 (0.53, 1.44) * |
Lag 0–3 | 0.43 (0.08, 0.77) * | 0.83 (0.34, 1.32) * |
Cardiovascular | ||
Lag 0 | 0.27 (−0.16, 0.70) | 0.67 (0.06, 1.28) * |
Lag 1 | 0.49 (0.06, 0.92) * | 0.93 (0.31, 1.56) * |
Lag 2 | 0.54 (0.12, 0.96) * | 0.80 (0.19, 1.41) * |
Lag 3 | 0.06 (−0.35, 0.47) | 0.06 (−0.53, 0.66) |
Lag 0–1 | 0.51 (0.02, 1.00) * | 1.01 (0.32, 1.70) * |
Lag 0–2 | 0.70 (0.17, 1.24) * | 1.21 (0.46, 1.97) * |
Lag 0–3 | 0.64 (0.06, 1.21) * | 1.07 (0.27, 1.88) * |
Cerebrovascular | ||
Lag 0 | 0.24 (−0.42, 0.91) | 0.47 (−0.45, 1.40) |
Lag 1 | 0.56 (−0.09, 1.22) | 0.94 (−0.01, 1.89) |
Lag 2 | 1.14 (0.50, 1.77) * | 1.21 (0.29, 2.15) * |
Lag 3 | 0.08 (−0.54, 0.71) | 0.02 (−0.88, 0.93) |
Lag 0–1 | 0.54 (−0.20, 1.29) | 0.89 (−0.14, 1.93) |
Lag 0–2 | 1.02 (0.22, 1.83) * | 1.28 (0.16, 2.41) * |
Lag 0–3 | 0.89 (0.04, 1.75) * | 1.08 (−0.12, 2.28) |
NO2 Level | Number of Days | ERR% (95% CI) of Lag 0−2 Days PM10 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Non-Accidental Death | Cardiovascular Death | Cerebrovascular Death | ||
Low | 455 | −0.16 (−0.90, 0.58) | −0.32 (−1.56, 0.94) | 0.67 (−1.26, 2.63) |
Medium | 911 | 0.02 (−0.43, 0.47) | 0.16 (−0.60, 0.92) | 0.75 (−0.40, 1.92) |
High | 457 | 0.46 (0.13, 0.79) * | 0.61 (0.06, 1.16) * | 0.99 (0.17, 1.83) * |
PM10 Level | Number of Days | ERR% (95% CI) of Lag 0–2 Days NO2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Non-Accidental Death | Cardiovascular Death | Cerebrovascular Death | ||
Low | 456 | 0.70 (−0.33, 1.74) | 1.20 (−0.52, 2.96) | 0.13 (−2.47, 2.80) |
Medium | 910 | 0.87 (0.18, 1.57) * | 0.98 (−0.17, 2.15) | 0.38 (−1.34, 2.13) |
High | 457 | 0.92 (0.42, 1.42) * | 1.20 (0.38, 2.03) * | 1.04 (−0.18, 2.28) |
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Gu, Y.; Lin, H.; Liu, T.; Xiao, J.; Zeng, W.; Li, Z.; Lv, X.; Ma, W. The Interaction between Ambient PM10 and NO2 on Mortality in Guangzhou, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111381
Gu Y, Lin H, Liu T, Xiao J, Zeng W, Li Z, Lv X, Ma W. The Interaction between Ambient PM10 and NO2 on Mortality in Guangzhou, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(11):1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111381
Chicago/Turabian StyleGu, Yuzhou, Hualiang Lin, Tao Liu, Jianpeng Xiao, Weilin Zeng, Zhihao Li, Xiaojuan Lv, and Wenjun Ma. 2017. "The Interaction between Ambient PM10 and NO2 on Mortality in Guangzhou, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 11: 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111381