Living Arrangements and Health-Related Quality of Life in Chinese Adolescents Who Migrate from Rural to Urban Schools: Mediating Effect of Social Support
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Social-Demographical Characteristics
2.3. Socioeconomic Status (SES)
2.4. Social Support
2.5. Quality of Life
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Adolescent School Children by Living Arrangement
3.2. Living with Family Children Had Higher MCS Scores and Total Social Support
3.3. Social Support Mediation on Mental Health
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Characteristics | Number and Proportion of Graduates in 2017 |
---|---|---|
Wuyuan middle school | Private school, key school, since 1941 | 890 (17.3%) |
Hongwen middle school | Private school, key school, since 1973 | 814 (15.80%) |
The Third middle school | Public school, since 1979 | 1043 (20.20%) |
Muslim Secondary school | Public school, more than half of the students are Hui ethnic group, since 1984 | 325 (6.30%) |
The Fourth middle school | Public school, since 1985 | 463 (9.00%) |
The Fifth middle school | public school, rebuilt and relocated under the policy of closures and consolidations in 2002 1 | 281 (5.5%) |
The Sixth middle school | Public school, the newest school for Urbanization with increased number of students, since 2003 | 1017 (19.7%) |
The Seventh middle school | Public school, rebuilt and relocated under the policy of closures and consolidations in 2006 2 | 322 (6.25%) |
Variables | Total (n = 459) | Living with Family (n = 283) | Not Living with Family (n = 176) | X2 | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Control variables | ||||||||
Ethnic groups | 0.111 | 0.815 | ||||||
Han | 361 | 78.6 | 224 | 79.2 | 137 | 77.8 | ||
Hui | 98 | 21.4 | 59 | 20.8 | 39 | 22.2 | ||
Sex | 0.877 | 0.388 | ||||||
male | 237 | 51.6 | 151 | 53.4 | 86 | 48.9 | ||
female | 222 | 48.4 | 132 | 46.6 | 90 | 51.1 | ||
Have you felt uncomfortable at any time during the last 14 days | 1.409 | 0.262 | ||||||
yes | 62 | 13.5 | 34 | 12.0 | 28 | 15.9 | ||
No | 397 | 86.5 | 249 | 88.0 | 148 | 84.1 | ||
Do you have a chronic health problem | 6.253 | 0.017 | ||||||
Yes | 22 | 4.8 | 7 | 2.5 | 13 | 7.4 | ||
No | 437 | 95.2 | 272 | 97.5 | 161 | 91.5 | ||
SES | ||||||||
Father’s educational level | 1.546 | 0.672 | ||||||
Illiterate | 41 | 8.9 | 24 | 8.8 | 17 | 10.0 | ||
Primary school | 152 | 33.1 | 94 | 34.3 | 58 | 34.1 | ||
Junior middle school | 149 | 33.6 | 97 | 35.4 | 52 | 30.6 | ||
High school or higher | 102 | 22.2 | 59 | 21.5 | 43 | 25.3 | ||
Mother’s educational level | 2.856 | 0.416 | ||||||
Illiterate | 117 | 25.5 | 76 | 27.6 | 41 | 24.3 | ||
Primary school | 153 | 33.3 | 87 | 31.6 | 66 | 39.1 | ||
Junior middle school | 125 | 27.2 | 82 | 29.8 | 43 | 25.4 | ||
High school or higher | 49 | 10.7 | 30 | 10.9 | 19 | 11.2 | ||
Annual per capita income | 3.239 | 0.198 | ||||||
<2500 | 161 | 37.4 | 108 | 40.6 | 53 | 32.1 | ||
2500–5500 | 143 | 33.2 | 85 | 32 | 58 | 35.2 | ||
>5500 | 127 | 29.5 | 73 | 27.4 | 54 | 32.7 | ||
Health-related behavior | ||||||||
Drinking alcohol | 7.9 | 0.005 | ||||||
No | 350 | 92.1 | 230 | 95.0 | 120 | 87.0 | ||
Yes | 30 | 7.9 | 12 | 5.0 | 18 | 13.0 | ||
Regular exercise | 0.01 | 0.991 | ||||||
Yes | 349 | 91.8 | 217 | 91.9 | 132 | 91.7 | ||
No | 31 | 8.2 | 19 | 8.1 | 12 | 8.3 |
Variables | Total | Living with Family (n = 283) | Not Living with Family (n = 176) | t | p | Cohen‘s d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
PCS | 51.61 | 7.13 | 51.81 | 6.59 | 51.29 | 7.93 | −0.727 | 0.47 | 0.07 |
MCS | 47.35 | 9.75 | 48.74 | 8.97 | 45.10 | 10.53 | −3.807 | 0.00 | 0.37 |
Objective Support | 8.21 | 1.89 | 8.62 | 1.80 | 7.56 | 1.84 | −6.112 | 0.00 | 0.59 |
Subjective Support | 21.00 | 2.78 | 20.92 | 2.75 | 21.14 | 2.83 | 0.829 | 0.41 | 0.08 |
Availability Support | 8.01 | 1.86 | 8.04 | 1.88 | 7.96 | 1.83 | −0.460 | 0.65 | 0.04 |
Global Support | 37.22 | 4.63 | 37.58 | 4.52 | 36.65 | 4.77 | −2.091 | 0.04 | 0.20 |
Unadjusted | Effect | SE | t | p | LLCI | ULCI |
Total effect | 3.5753 | 0.9225 | 3.8758 | 0.0001 | 1.7625 | 5.3881 |
Direct Effect | 3.3096 | 0.9184 | 3.6039 | 0.0003 | 1.5049 | 5.1144 |
Indirect effect | Effect | bootSE | bootLLCI | bootULCI | ||
Global support | 0.2657 | 0.1598 | 0.028 | 0.6902 | ||
Adjusted (by sex and ethnicity) | Effect | SE | t | p | LLCI | ULCI |
Total effect | 3.4931 | 0.9225 | 3.8758 | 0.0001 | 1.7625 | 5.3881 |
Direct Effect | 3.2175 | 0.9174 | 3.5071 | 0.0005 | 1.4145 | 5.0205 |
Indirect effect | Effect | bootSE | bootLLCI | bootULCI | ||
Global support | 0.2756 | 0.1624 | 0.0365 | 0.6968 |
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Wu, H.; Wu, S.; Wu, H.; Xia, Q.; Li, N. Living Arrangements and Health-Related Quality of Life in Chinese Adolescents Who Migrate from Rural to Urban Schools: Mediating Effect of Social Support. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101249
Wu H, Wu S, Wu H, Xia Q, Li N. Living Arrangements and Health-Related Quality of Life in Chinese Adolescents Who Migrate from Rural to Urban Schools: Mediating Effect of Social Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101249
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Haiyan, Shan Wu, Haibo Wu, Qiming Xia, and Ningxiu Li. 2017. "Living Arrangements and Health-Related Quality of Life in Chinese Adolescents Who Migrate from Rural to Urban Schools: Mediating Effect of Social Support" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101249