Exposure to Agrochemicals and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Identification
2.2. Criteria of Inclusion
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Epidemiological Studies
4.2. Mechanism of Inflitration of Particulate Matter in the Heart
4.2.1. Blood
4.2.2. Oxidative Stress
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number | Criterion |
---|---|
1 | It must be an original epidemiological study using a case-control, cross sectional prospective study design and other type of reviews |
2 | Paper should be written in English |
3 | The agrochemicals should be measured in actual blood samples |
4 | The reported measurement of association, include odds ratios (OD), and relative risk (RR) and confidence interval (CIs) for cardiovascular risk |
5 | Studies should use the biomarkers of any agrochemicals compounds used in the agricultural industries |
6 | Cardiovascular (CDV) was confirmed by self-reported questionnaires or hospital diagnoses |
Citation | Geographical Location | Sample Size | Study Design | Agrochemical Product of Exposure | Health Outcome Assessment | Reported Findings (OD, RR IM etc.) | Confounding Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Castaneda et al. [5] | Michigan | 300 | Cross sectional | Particulate matter | Cardiovascular system | Model 1: (obesity) OR 0.304, 95% CI: 0.246,0.889 * Model 2: (current smoking) OR 1.382,95% CI: 0.588, 3.249 * Model 3: (Hypercholesterolemia) OR 0.633, 95% CI: 0.207, 1.939 * Model 4: (Diabetes) OR 2.552 ,95% CI: 0.885, 7.359 Model 5: (Hypertension) OR 0.459, 95% CI: 0.155, 1.361 * | Hypertension;Obesity cigarette smoking; Type 2 diabetes; Hypercholesterolemia |
Tsimbiri et al. [6] | Kenya | 801 | Cross sectional | Pesticides | Palpitations chest pain leg swelling | p value < 0.002 | Malaise Headache Respiratory |
Weichenthal et al. [4] | North Carolinea and Iowa | 93,378 | Retrospective cohort study | PM2.5 compounds | Cardiovascular most precise exposure | Minimal adjusted:
| Ischemic heart disease Cerebrovascular |
Min et al. [7] | United State | 31,126 | Retrospective | p,p’DDE Trans-nonachlo Oxychlordane Diedrin Sum off five OC pesticides | Mortality by cause of death p < 0.05 | Lipid standardized
| Diabetes mellitus |
Mills et al. [8] | North Carolina and Iowa | 54,069 | Prospective Study | Carbamates, organochlorides organophosphates pyrethroids Herbicides Fumigants Fungicides | Myocardial infarction mortality | HR 1 (0–50 days) 0.76 (51–100 days); 95% CI 0.76–1.47, HR 1.06 p-value 0.93 (101–250); 95% CI 0.71–1.23 0.97 (>250 days); 95% CI 0.75–1.26 0.57 High exposure; 95% CI 0.57–1.38; HR 0.88 | Family history of MI Smoking cigarette Obesity Hypertension Diabetes Alcoholic drinkers |
Myocardial infarction incidence | 1 (0–50 days) 1.10 (51–100 days) 95% CI 0.83–1.46 1.14 (101–250) 95% CI 0.91–1.43 1.19 (>250 days) 95% CI 0.96–1.4 1.12 High exposure 95% CI 0.84–1.48 | ||||||
Myocardial infarction incidence | 1 (0–50 days) 1.10 (51–100 days) 95% CI 0.83–1.46 1.14 (101–250) 95% CI 0.91–1.43 1.19 (>250 days) 95% CI 0.96–1.4 1.12 High exposure 95% CI 0.84–1.48 |
Males | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pesticides | Hazard Ratio | Outcome | Agrochemicals | Odds Ratio | Outcome | |
Ethylene dibromide | 1.54; 95% CI 1.05–2.27 | Mortality | Insecticides | Chloropyrifos | 2.1; 95% CI 1.2–3.7 | Myocardial infarction |
Maneb/mancozeb | 1.34; 95% CI 1.49–3.86 | Coumaphos | 3.2; 95% CI 1.5–7.0 | |||
Ziram | 2.40; 95% CI 1.49–3.86 | Carbofuran | 2.5; 95% CI 1.3–5.0 | |||
Aldrin | 1.20; 95% 1.01–1.43 | Non-fatal myocardial infarction | Herbicides | Pendimethalin | 2.5; 95% CI 1.2–4.9 | |
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane | 1.24; 95% CI 1.04–1.46 | Trifluralin | 1.8; 95% CI 1.0–3.1 | |||
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid | 1.21; 95% CI 1.03–1.43 | Fungicide | Metalaxyl | 2.5; 95% CI 1.1–5.3 |
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Sekhotha, M.M.; Monyeki, K.D.; Sibuyi, M.E. Exposure to Agrochemicals and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020229
Sekhotha MM, Monyeki KD, Sibuyi ME. Exposure to Agrochemicals and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(2):229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020229
Chicago/Turabian StyleSekhotha, Matome M., Kotsedi D. Monyeki, and Masezi E. Sibuyi. 2016. "Exposure to Agrochemicals and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 2: 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020229