Let It “B”? The Role of Hepatitis B Universal Vaccination among Italian Problematic Drug Users
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Aims
- Test for HBV prevalence in DUs screened at the Public Addiction Centres Centers (PACs) of Emilia region.
- Test for HBV prevalence among younger DUs, compatible with having received the mandatory vaccination against HBV.
- Compare the prevalence for HBV among different areas of origin of DUs, based on the probability of having or not having received universal vaccination.
- Test the prevalence for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
2.2. Methods
2.3. Analyzed Variables
- 1
- Positive HBsAg marker and/or positive Anti-HBcAb: test considered positive for current or prior HBV infection
- 2
- Presence of isolated Anti-HBs Ab: test positive for vaccination
- 3
- No positive marker: negative test
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Demographic Characteristics | Anti-HBcAb + | Odds Ratio | CI 95% | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||||
Total | 684 (91.4) | 64 (8.6) | ||||
Sex | Females | 213 (89.9) | 24 (10.1) | 1 | 0.296 | |
Males | 471 (92.2) | 40 (7.8) | 1.33 | 0.78–2.26 | ||
Citizenship | Italians | 609 (93.3) | 44 (6.7) | 1 | <0.0001 | |
Foreigners | 75 (78.9) | 20 (21.1) | 3.69 | 2.05–6.65 | ||
Birthplace (Italians) | North | 401 (95.3) | 20 (4.7) | 1 | 0.023 | |
Center | 53 (89.8) | 6 (10.2) | 2.27 | 0.87–5.91 | ||
South | 154 (89.5) | 18 (10.5) | 2.34 | 1.21–4.55 | ||
Year of Birth (Italians) | ≥1981 | 403 (95.7) | 18 (4.3) | 1 | 0.001 | |
<1981 | 206 (88.8) | 26 (11.2) | 2.83 | 1.51–5.27 |
3.1. Univariate Analysis
3.2. Multivariate Analysis
Demographic Characteristics | Odds Ratio | CI 95% | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Females | 1 | ||
Males | 1.51 | 0.79–2.90 | 0.215 | |
Year of Birth | ≥1981 | 1 | ||
<1981 | 2.80 | 1.48–5.31 | 0.002 | |
Zone of Birth | North | 1 | ||
Center | 2.26 | 0.86–5.96 | 0.099 | |
South | 2.13 | 1.09–4.19 | 0.028 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lugoboni, F.; Pavarin, R.M.; Resentera, C.; Gambini, D. Let It “B”? The Role of Hepatitis B Universal Vaccination among Italian Problematic Drug Users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 3979-3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120403979
Lugoboni F, Pavarin RM, Resentera C, Gambini D. Let It “B”? The Role of Hepatitis B Universal Vaccination among Italian Problematic Drug Users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(4):3979-3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120403979
Chicago/Turabian StyleLugoboni, Fabio, Raimondo Maria Pavarin, Chiara Resentera, and Daniele Gambini. 2015. "Let It “B”? The Role of Hepatitis B Universal Vaccination among Italian Problematic Drug Users" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 4: 3979-3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120403979