Combination of a Fast Cleanup Procedure and a DR-CALUX® Bioassay for Dioxin Surveillance in Taiwanese Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Design
2.2. Procedure of Sample Extraction and Cleanup
2.3. DR-CALUX® Assay of Dioxins
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Soil Characteristics | Location in Taiwan | X2 (p) a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern (n = 184) | Central (n = 247) | Southern (n = 132) | Eastern (n = 122) | |||
Frequency (Number) | ||||||
Soil brightness | 0.696 | |||||
Light | ||||||
Yellow brown | 7 | 9 | 8 | 2 | ||
Medium | ||||||
Gray | 31 | 39 | 18 | 18 | ||
Brown | 94 | 143 | 72 | 58 | ||
Charcoal gray | 43 | 47 | 28 | 39 | ||
Dark | ||||||
Black brown | 7 | 8 | 5 | 3 | ||
Black | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
Sampling depth | 0.036 * | |||||
10 cm | 128 | 168 | 107 | 82 | ||
15 cm | 56 | 79 | 25 | 40 | ||
Soil classification | 0.321 | |||||
Clay | 4 | 5 | 6 | 1 | ||
Silt | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2 | ||
Sand | 178 | 238 | 121 | 119 | ||
Soil moisture | 0.794 | |||||
Wet | 70 | 103 | 53 | 45 | ||
Dry | 114 | 144 | 79 | 77 | ||
Land use | <0.001 *** | |||||
Wasteland | 42 | 39 | 6 | 57 | ||
Industry | 44 | 23 | 88 | 43 | ||
Park near residential area | 10 | 20 | 13 | 15 | ||
Food production near industrial area b | 84 | 158 | 0 | 4 | ||
Others c | 4 | 7 | 2 | 3 | ||
Missing d | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 | ||
Dioxin concentration | Mean ± SD (pg-BEQ/g d.w.) | p e | ||||
DR-CALUX® assay | 61.8 ± 62.3 | 22.2 ± 12.8 | 24.9 ± 26.3 | 7.80 ± 5.08 | <0.001 *** |
DR-CALUX (pg-BEQ/g d.w.) | Odds Ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Sampling Location | Purpose of Land Use | Soil Brightness | Soil Moisture | Soil Depth | |
<33.4 a | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
>33.4 | 2.43 | 1.47 | 2.83 | 1.14 | 0.961 |
p-value | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | 0.009 ** | 0.574 | 0.835 |
Dependent Variable | Predictors | Beta | p-value | Adjusted R Square | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Log10 DR-CALUX (pg-BEQ/g d.w.) | Soil sampling location | 0.097 | <0.001 *** | 0.947 | <0.001 *** |
Purpose of land use | 0.065 | <0.001 *** | |||
Soil brightness | 0.170 | <0.001 *** | |||
Soil moisture | 0.051 | 0.020 * |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lin, D.-Y.; Lee, Y.-P.; Li, C.-P.; Chi, K.-H.; Liang, B.-W.P.; Liu, W.-Y.; Wang, C.-C.; Lin, S.; Chen, T.-C.; Yeh, K.-J.C.; et al. Combination of a Fast Cleanup Procedure and a DR-CALUX® Bioassay for Dioxin Surveillance in Taiwanese Soils. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 4886-4904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110504886
Lin D-Y, Lee Y-P, Li C-P, Chi K-H, Liang B-WP, Liu W-Y, Wang C-C, Lin S, Chen T-C, Yeh K-JC, et al. Combination of a Fast Cleanup Procedure and a DR-CALUX® Bioassay for Dioxin Surveillance in Taiwanese Soils. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(5):4886-4904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110504886
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Ding-Yan, Yi-Pin Lee, Chiu-Ping Li, Kai-Hsien Chi, Bo-Wei P. Liang, Wen-Yao Liu, Chih-Cheng Wang, Susana Lin, Ting-Chien Chen, Kuei-Jyum C. Yeh, and et al. 2014. "Combination of a Fast Cleanup Procedure and a DR-CALUX® Bioassay for Dioxin Surveillance in Taiwanese Soils" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 5: 4886-4904. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110504886