Agarose Stearate-Carbomer940 as Stabilizer and Rheology Modifier for Surfactant-Free Cosmetic Formulations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Characterization of AS
2.2. Analysis of Emulsifying Properties
2.3. Influence of AS Concentration on the Rheological Properties of SFC
2.3.1. Steady-Shear Flow and Thixotropic Properties
2.3.2. Dynamic Viscoelastic Properties and Creep Recovery Test
2.4. Influence of CBM940 Concentration on Rheological Properties of SFC
2.5. Influence of pH on Rheological Properties
2.6. Influence of Oil Content on Rheological Properties of SFC
2.7. Morphology and Structureof the SFC
2.8. Comparative Analysisof Sensory Characteristics of SFC and Commercial Cosmetic Moisturizers
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Synthesis of AS
3.2.2. Characterization of AS
3.2.3. Surface Tension (ST) and Interface Tension (IT)
3.2.4. Emulsifying Ability (EA) and Emulsifying Stability Index (ESI)
3.2.5. Preparation of SFC
3.2.6. Rheological Experiments
3.2.7. Morphology and Microstructure of SFC
3.2.8. Sensory Evaluation of the SFC
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensory Characteristic | Definition | Directional teRm/Scoring Standards | |
---|---|---|---|
Before rubbing | Color | Degree to which the product looks clear, ranging from yellow to white | Yellow–white/0–9 |
Odor | Amount of any type of odor, like vegetable oil, lard, grease, or shortening, sweet or maple. | Strong–weak/0–9 | |
Shiny | Degree to which the product looks shiny, oily, glossy, or sheen. | Slightly–very/0–9 | |
Texture | impression of the thickness of the sample when it is rubbed between a thumb and a forefinger | Thin–thick/0–9 | |
Sticky | Amount of the sample that stays on forefinger after short contact (2 s) with the sample in a container | A little–a lot/0–9 | |
Wiredrawing | Impression of the distance that the product will wiredraw after picking-up | Slightly–very/0–9 | |
During rubbing | Spreadability | Impression of the area that the product will cover when spread over the skin | A little–a lot/0–9 |
Moisturizing | Degree to which the product feels moist | A little–a lot/0–9 | |
Greasy | Degree to which the product feels greasy | Slightly–very/0–9 | |
Absorbency | Impression of the rate of absorption of the product into the skin | Slowly–quickly/0–9 | |
Breathability | Degree to which the product leaves an oily or waxy film or coating on the skin after rubbing | A little–a lot/0–9 | |
Sheen | Degree to which the product looks shiny, glossy, is iridescent or glittery after rubbing | A little–a lot/0–9 | |
Silky | Degree to which the product feels smooth, silky, or soft on fingers after rubbing | Slightly–very/0–9 | |
After rubbing | Skin elasticity | Degree to which skin feels firmand elastic after rubbing | Slightly–very/0–9 |
Moisturizing persistence | Degree to which the product leaves a moisturizing feeling on the skin after rubbing | A little–a lot/0–9 |
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Xiao, Q.; Chen, G.; Zhang, Y.-H.; Chen, F.-Q.; Weng, H.-F.; Xiao, A.-F. Agarose Stearate-Carbomer940 as Stabilizer and Rheology Modifier for Surfactant-Free Cosmetic Formulations. Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19060344
Xiao Q, Chen G, Zhang Y-H, Chen F-Q, Weng H-F, Xiao A-F. Agarose Stearate-Carbomer940 as Stabilizer and Rheology Modifier for Surfactant-Free Cosmetic Formulations. Marine Drugs. 2021; 19(6):344. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19060344
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiao, Qiong, Guo Chen, Yong-Hui Zhang, Fu-Quan Chen, Hui-Fen Weng, and An-Feng Xiao. 2021. "Agarose Stearate-Carbomer940 as Stabilizer and Rheology Modifier for Surfactant-Free Cosmetic Formulations" Marine Drugs 19, no. 6: 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19060344
APA StyleXiao, Q., Chen, G., Zhang, Y. -H., Chen, F. -Q., Weng, H. -F., & Xiao, A. -F. (2021). Agarose Stearate-Carbomer940 as Stabilizer and Rheology Modifier for Surfactant-Free Cosmetic Formulations. Marine Drugs, 19(6), 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19060344