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Article

One Step Forward towards the Development of Eco-Friendly Antifouling Coatings: Immobilization of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Compound

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Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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BioISI—Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016 Portugal
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CQB—Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mar. Drugs 2020, 18(10), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/md18100489
Received: 18 August 2020 / Revised: 19 September 2020 / Accepted: 23 September 2020 / Published: 25 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sulfur-Containing Marine Bioactives)
Marine biofouling represents a global economic and ecological challenge and few eco-friendly antifouling agents are available. The aim of this work was to establish the proof of concept that a recently synthesized nature-inspired compound (gallic acid persulfate, GAP) can act as an eco-friendly and effective antifoulant when immobilized in coatings through a non-release strategy, promoting a long-lasting antifouling effect. The synthesis of GAP was optimized to provide quantitative yields. GAP water solubility was assessed, showing values higher than 1000 mg/mL. GAP was found to be stable in sterilized natural seawater with a half-life (DT50) of 7 months. GAP was immobilized into several commercial coatings, exhibiting high compatibility with different polymeric matrices. Leaching assays of polydimethylsiloxane and polyurethane-based marine coatings containing GAP confirmed that the chemical immobilization of GAP was successful, since releases up to fivefold lower than the conventional releasing systems of polyurethane-based marine coatings were observed. Furthermore, coatings containing immobilized GAP exhibited the most auspicious anti-settlement effect against Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae for the maximum exposure period (40 h) in laboratory trials. Overall, GAP promises to be an agent capable of improving the antifouling activity of several commercial marine coatings with desirable environmental properties. View Full-Text
Keywords: biofouling; marine coatings; anti-settlement; chemical synthesis; sulfated; gallic acid; eco-friendly biofouling; marine coatings; anti-settlement; chemical synthesis; sulfated; gallic acid; eco-friendly
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MDPI and ACS Style

Vilas-Boas, C.; Carvalhal, F.; Pereira, B.; Carvalho, S.; Sousa, E.; Pinto, M.M.M.; Calhorda, M.J.; Vasconcelos, V.; Almeida, J.R.; Silva, E.R.; Correia-da-Silva, M. One Step Forward towards the Development of Eco-Friendly Antifouling Coatings: Immobilization of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Compound. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18100489

AMA Style

Vilas-Boas C, Carvalhal F, Pereira B, Carvalho S, Sousa E, Pinto MMM, Calhorda MJ, Vasconcelos V, Almeida JR, Silva ER, Correia-da-Silva M. One Step Forward towards the Development of Eco-Friendly Antifouling Coatings: Immobilization of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Compound. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18(10):489. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18100489

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vilas-Boas, Cátia, Francisca Carvalhal, Beatriz Pereira, Sílvia Carvalho, Emília Sousa, Madalena M.M. Pinto, Maria J. Calhorda, Vitor Vasconcelos, Joana R. Almeida, Elisabete R. Silva, and Marta Correia-da-Silva. 2020. "One Step Forward towards the Development of Eco-Friendly Antifouling Coatings: Immobilization of a Sulfated Marine-Inspired Compound" Marine Drugs 18, no. 10: 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18100489

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